http://hdl.handle.net/10468/238 2013-05-02T23:49:20Z http://hdl.handle.net/10468/263 Electric vehicle: infrastructure regulatory requirements Foley, Aoife M.; Winning, Ian; Ó Gallachóir, Brian P. Ghosh, Bidisha; Murray, Roisin In 2009 the European Union (EU) Directive on Renewable Energy placed an obligation on each Member State to ensure that 10% of transport energy (excluding aviation and marine transport) come from renewable sources by 2020. The Irish Government intends to achieve part of this target by making sure that 10% of all vehicles in its transport fleet are powered by electricity by 2020. Stakeholder groups include but are not limited to policy makers, the public, regulatory bodies, participants in the electricity retail market, the transmission and distribution system grid operators, the automotive industry, private enterprise, civil engineers, electrical engineers, electricians, architects, builders, building owners, building developers, building managers, fleet managers and EV owners. Currently it appears both internationally and Nationally the automotive industry is focused on EV manufacture, governments and policy makers have highlighted the potential environmental and job creation opportunities while the electricity sector is preparing for an additional electrical load on the grid system. The focus of this paper is to produce an international EV roadmap. A review of current international best practice and guidelines under consideration or recommended is presented. An update on any EV infrastructure charging equipment standards is also provided. Finally the regulatory modifications to existing National legislation as well as additional infrastructure items which may need control via new regulations are identified. 2010-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10468/256 Private car transport and the 10% RES-T target - quantifying the contribution of EVs and biofuels Daly, Hannah E.; Ó Gallachóir, Brian P. Ghosh, Bidisha; Murray, Roisin In 2008, renewable energy accounted for less than 1% of final energy consumption in the Irish transport sector. In order to increase this share to 10% by 2020 as required under EU directive 2009/28/EC, the Irish government has introduced two specific measures: 10% of the transport fleet is to be powered by electricity by 2020, and an obligation on road transport fuel suppliers that biofuels account for a certain portion of their fuel sales. This study forecasts the impact of these existing measures towards meeting the 10% RES-T target by 2020, focussing on private car transport. The methodology presented is derived from a forecast of private car fuel demand based on a technological stock model of Ireland’s fleet. This paper demonstrates the use of this as a tool firstly as an energy forecasting technique and secondly as a method for evaluating the effects of policy measures on the technological composition and consequent renewable energy demand and related CO2emissions of private cars. Technological scenarios examined in this light are electric vehicles, compressed natural gas vehicles and biofuel blending 2010-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10468/261 Quantifying transport energy efficiency savings Dennehy, Emer J.; Ó Gallachóir, Brian P.; Howley, Martin The importance of quantifying energy savings and improvement in energy efficiency for each sector of the economy is now widely recognized in order to demonstrate progress towards targets and compliance with legal obligations. The focus of this paper is specifically on evaluating energy efficiency in transport using the ODEX methodology. More detailed data has recently become available on transport energy trends and the underlying factors that allow the authors improve the calculation of Ireland’s transport ODEX. Through data mining of administrative databases mileage, volume, age, engine type and size data are available at a disaggregated level for each mode of road transport. In particular this paper examines private car energy efficiency, quantifying the change arising from improved data. There was an overall slight improvement (0.71 percentage points) in the Irish private car ODEX when both proposed changes of using MJ/km as the unit consumption measure and modeling the stock by vintage were applied. The overall effect of the revised transport ODEX calculation does not show a significant increase in energy savings associated with the value of the ODEX indicator (0.82%). However the purpose was to improve the methodology of how the ODEX was being calculated, not necessarily increasing the savings. 2010-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10468/262 Quantifying displaced carbon dioxide emissions from electric vehicles in Ireland Foley, Aoife M.; Leahy, Paul G.; McKeogh, Eamon J.; Ó Gallachóir, Brian P. Ghosh, Bidisha; Murray, Roisin Under EU Directive 2009/28/EC on Renewable Energy each Member State is mandated to ensure that 10% of transport energy (excluding aviation and marine transport) comes from renewable sources by 2020. The Irish Government intends to achieve this target with a number of policies including an increase in the use of biofuels in transport by 3% by 2010 and ensuring that 10% of all vehicles in the transport fleet are powered by electricity by 2020. Electric vehicles (EVs) do not emit exhaust fumes in the same manner as traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The optimal benefits of EVs can only be truly achieved if EVs are deployed effectively, so that exhaust pipe gaseous emissions are not fully displaced to the electricity sector. This paper examines the potential contributions that Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles can make in reducing carbon dioxide. The paper presents the results of the generation expansion model for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland built using the dynamic programming based long term generation expansion planning tool called the Wien Automatic System Planning IV tool. The model optimizes power dispatch using hourly electricity demand curves for each year up to 2020, while incorporating generator characteristics and certain operational requirements such as energy not served and loss of load probability while satisfying constraints on environmental emissions, fuel availability and generator operational and maintenance costs. In order to simulate the effect of PHEV, two distinct charging scenarios are applied based on a peak tariff and an off peak tariff. The importance and influence of the charging regime on the amount of energy used and gaseous emissions displaced is determined and briefly discussed. 2010-09-01T00:00:00Z