Criminology - Book chapters

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    The Militarisation of Behaviours: Introduction
    (Springer, 2022-10-31) Kaucz, Błażej
    This chapter is devoted to an introduction to the process of the militarisation of behaviours. It is a mass process of social control employed by the state (and less often by non-state entities) where civilians are subjected to a treatment like that designed for soldiers. When this process is utilised, it leads sections of a society to be subdued to the will of the state officials. It can be a robust power-gaining mechanism used at the expense of the citizens. To build a framework to discuss this process, Ireland and Poland, the two states which are a part of the enquiry are introduced and initially compared. That is done to create a context for an analysis of the historical development of the twentieth-century criminal law in Poland and Ireland in the following two chapters. These two states, at first sight, might not have too much in common especially since both chose somewhat different paths to achieve the militarisation of behaviours. However, both Poland and Ireland promote individualism, self-determinism, and individual agency and it is easier to introduce the militarisation of behaviours in countries supporting these values.
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    Horizon scanning of global drug markets
    (Routledge, 2021-11-09) Windle, James
    As there are already a number of insightful overviews of the global illicit drug trade (i.e. Purvis and Gundur, 2019; Reuter, 2014) this chapter will not re-tread a well-worn path, but rather explore recent developments and scan for future issues. EMCDDA and Europol (2019) suggest that horizon scanning can improve preparedness for future challenges, ensure institutional resilience to future threats and avoid rigid responses. This chapter will first review traditional drug market dynamics. With this context established it will explore: import substitution of cannabis, the exploitation of vulnerable peoples in European drug markets, online drug sales and new psychoactive substance (NPS) markets. The chapter concludes by discussing whether drug markets will become more exploitative and violent.