Observational signatures of mass-loading in jets launched by rotating black holes

O'Riordan, Michael; Pe'er, Asaf; McKinney, Jonathan C.

Observational signatures of mass-loading in jets launched by rotating black holes

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4864.pdf(1.66 MB)

Published version

Date

2018-01

Authors

O'Riordan, Michael

Pe'er, Asaf

McKinney, Jonathan C.

Publisher

American Astronomical Society; IOP Publishing

Published Version

10.3847/1538-4357/aaa0c4

Abstract

It is widely believed that relativistic jets in X-ray binaries (XRBs) and active-galactic nuclei are powered by the rotational energy of black holes. This idea is supported by general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations of accreting black holes, which demonstrate efficient energy extraction via the Blandford–Znajek mechanism. However, due to uncertainties in the physics of mass loading, and the failure of GRMHD numerical schemes in the highly magnetized funnel region, the matter content of the jet remains poorly constrained. We investigate the observational signatures of mass loading in the funnel by performing general-relativistic radiative transfer calculations on a range of 3D GRMHD simulations of accreting black holes. We find significant observational differences between cases in which the funnel is empty and cases where the funnel is filled with plasma, particularly in the optical and X-ray bands. In the context of Sgr A*, current spectral data constrains the jet filling only if the black hole is rapidly rotating with a gsim 0.9. In this case, the limits on the infrared flux disfavor a strong contribution from material in the funnel. We comment on the implications of our models for interpreting future Event Horizon Telescope observations. We also scale our models to stellar-mass black holes, and discuss their applicability to the low-luminosity state in XRBs.

Keywords

Accretion , Accretion disks , Black hole physics , Galaxies: jets , Galaxy: center , Radiative transfer , X-rays: binaries

Citation

O'Riordan, M., Pe'er, A. and McKinney, J. C. (2018) 'Observational Signatures of Mass-loading in Jets Launched by Rotating Black Holes', The Astrophysical Journal, 853(1), 44 (10 pp). doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa0c4