Promoting men’s awareness, self-examination, and help-seeking for testicular disorders: a systematic review of interventions [version 2; referees: 2 approved]
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PROSPERO record of review protocol
Date
2018-07-06
Authors
Saab, Mohamad M.
Davoren, Martin P.
Murphy, Aileen
Murphy, David
Cooke, Eoghan
Landers, Margaret
Fitzgerald, Serena M.
Richardson, Noel
Rovito, Michael
Von Wagner, Christian
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Health Research Board
Published Version
Abstract
Background: Testicular cancer (TC) is commonly diagnosed among men aged 15-40 years. The incidence of TC is on the rise. Benign testicular disorders such as testicular torsion and epididymitis can lead to testicular ischemia, sepsis, and infertility if left untreated. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of studies promoting menâ s knowledge and awareness of testicular disorders and/or self-examination, behaviours and/or intentions to examine their testes, and help-seeking behaviours and/or intentions for testicular symptoms. Methods: Academic Search Complete, Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, ERIC, the Cochrane Library, the World Health Organisation International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Clinicaltrials.gov, Grey Literature Report, and Open Grey were searched for studies published between November 2014 and April 2018. The methodological quality and level of evidence per outcome were assessed. Results: There were five papers included: two were experimental studies, two were systematic reviews, and one was an integrative review. The majority of the reviewed interventions were successful in increasing menâ s awareness of TC and self-examination. Examples include a television show featuring a celebrity with TC, a university campaign, and interactive educational sessions. The impact of the reviewed interventions on health beliefs (i.e. perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy) varied across the reviewed literature. Studies promoting help-seeking for testicular symptoms and awareness of benign testicular disorders were lacking. Conclusions: This review highlights the importance of evaluating educational interventions aimed at younger men, whilst raising their awareness of testicular disorders and increasing their help-seeking intentions for testicular symptoms. Given the lack of consensus around scheduled testicular self-examination among younger men, clinicians are encouraged to instruct men to familiarise themselves with the look and feel of their own testes and to seek timely medical attention for abnormalities.
Description
Keywords
Awareness , Health promotion , Help-seeking , Systematic review , Testicular cancer , Testicular diseases , Testicular self-examination , Men's health
Citation
Saab, M. M., Davoren, M., Murphy, A., Murphy, D., Cooke, E., Landers, M., Fitzgerald, S.,Richardson, N., Rovito, M. and Von Wagner, C. (2018) 'Promoting men’s awareness, self-examination, and help-seeking for testicular disorders: a systematic review of interventions [version 2; referees: 2 approved]', HRB Open Research, 1(16), pp. 1-19. doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.12837.2