Cross-cultural color-odor associations
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Published version
Date
2014-07-09
Authors
Levitan, Carmel A.
Ren, Jiana
Woods, Andy T.
Boesveldt, Sanne
Chan, Jason S.
McKenzie, Kirsten J.
Dodson, Michael
Levin, Jai
Leong, Christine X. R.
Van den Bosch, Jasper J. F.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Public Library of Science, PLoS
Published Version
Abstract
Colors and odors are associated; for instance, people typically match the smell of strawberries to the color pink or red. These associations are forms of crossmodal correspondences. Recently, there has been discussion about the extent to which these correspondences arise for structural reasons (i.e., an inherent mapping between color and odor), statistical reasons (i.e., covariance in experience), and/or semantically-mediated reasons (i.e., stemming from language). The present study probed this question by testing color-odor correspondences in 6 different cultural groups (Dutch, Netherlands-residing-Chinese, German, Malay, Malaysian-Chinese, and US residents), using the same set of 14 odors and asking participants to make congruent and incongruent color choices for each odor. We found consistent patterns in color choices for each odor within each culture, showing that participants were making non-random color-odor matches. We used representational dissimilarity analysis to probe for variations in the patterns of color-odor associations across cultures; we found that US and German participants had the most similar patterns of associations, followed by German and Malay participants. The largest group differences were between Malay and Netherlands-resident Chinese participants and between Dutch and Malaysian-Chinese participants. We conclude that culture plays a role in color-odor crossmodal associations, which likely arise, at least in part, through experience.
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Keywords
Malay people , Cross-cultural studies , Culture , Language , Odorants , Color vision , Smell , Sensory perception
Citation
Levitan, C. A., Ren, J., Woods, A. T., Boesveldt, S., Chan, J. S., McKenzie, K. J., Dodson, M., Levin, J. A., Leong, C. X. R. and van den Bosch, J. J. F. (2014) 'Cross-Cultural Color-Odor Associations', PLOS ONE, 9 (7), e101651 (8pp). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101651