Stratifying urban neighbourhoods by income: Comparison of a subjective participatory approach and an objective statistical analysis of deprivation indicators in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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dc.contributor.authorMsuya, Ibrahimen
dc.contributor.authorBoudou, Martinen
dc.contributor.authorLevira, Francisen
dc.contributor.authorMoshi, Ireneen
dc.contributor.authorO’Dwyer, Jeanen
dc.contributor.authorKilleen, Gerryen
dc.contributor.funderAXA Research Funden
dc.contributor.funderUK Research and Innovationen
dc.contributor.funderEconomic and Social Research Councilen
dc.contributor.funderUniversity College Corken
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-23T14:09:29Z
dc.date.available2025-05-23T14:09:29Z
dc.date.issued2025-04-30en
dc.description.abstractMapping out geographic heterogeneities across urban neighbourhoods can inform urban planning and intervention targeting. Despite their subjectivity, intuitive participatory stratification approaches (PSAs) are becoming increasingly popular because of their affordability and practicality. In contrast, more objective statistical approaches, like latent profile analysis (LPA), typically require rich survey data and advanced capacities that are often lacking in low- and middle-income countries. This study therefore assessed these two distinct approaches, to compare their effectiveness, applicability, and complementarity for identifying geoeconomic heterogeneities of urban neighbourhoods in a typical contemporary African city. This study assessed a PSA to stratify neighbourhoods across the Tanzania city of Dar es Salaam in terms of income, by comparing it with a complementary LPA of national census data to stratify them in terms of deprivation. A consultative community-based workshop was used for the PSA, while 15 selected deprivation indicators from the census data were used to profile them using LPA. While the PSA allocated neighbourhoods to five income strata, six clear deprivation strata could be distinguished by LPA. A strong positive correlation was observed between the stratum identified by the LPA and that obtained through the PSA (ρ = 0.739, p < .0001). Furthermore, paired comparison of the two sets of correlation coefficients between each deprivation indicator and the stratum assigned by each stratification approach revealed no difference (V = 33, p-value = .1354), confirming that the two approaches yielded very similar patterns of stratification. Also, the two approaches yielded broadly comparable cartographic pictures of the city, depicting similar spatial distribution of wealth and poverty. Overall, this evidence indicates that subjective community knowledge and lived experience may be invaluable for understanding built environment and for mapping out pockets of poverty and affluence at fine scales with minimum resources.en
dc.description.sponsorshipEconomic and Social Research Council (ES/P011020/1); University College Cork (PhD Scholarship); AXA Research Fund and University College Cork (AXA Research Chair award)en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionAccepted Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationMsuya, I., Boudou, M., Levira, F., Moshi, I., O’Dwyer, J. and Killeen, G. (2025) 'Stratifying urban neighbourhoods by income: Comparison of a subjective participatory approach and an objective statistical analysis of deprivation indicators in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania', Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083251334686en
dc.identifier.doi10.1177/23998083251334686en
dc.identifier.eissn2399-8091en
dc.identifier.issn2399-8083en
dc.identifier.journaltitleEnvironment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Scienceen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/17572
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherSAGE Publishingen
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Scienceen
dc.rights© 2025, the Authors. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of the following article: The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083251334686en
dc.subjectParticipatory mappingen
dc.subjectNeighbourhood stratificationen
dc.subjectIncome inequalityen
dc.subjectLatent profile analysisen
dc.subjectDeprivation indicatorsen
dc.titleStratifying urban neighbourhoods by income: Comparison of a subjective participatory approach and an objective statistical analysis of deprivation indicators in Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniaen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
dc.typejournal-articleen
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