Fatty liver index and atherogenic risk determined by lipoprotein particle subclasses: a cross-sectional study of middle- to older-aged adults
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Date
2026-09-17
Authors
Millar, Seán R.
Perry, Ivan J.
Phillips, Catherine M.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Published Version
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty liver index (FLI) provides a cost-effective way to screen for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MASLD is associated with preclinical atherosclerosis, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality being the leading cause of death among MASLD patients. OBJECTIVE Lipoprotein particles can provide better CVD risk prediction than traditional lipid measures. Yet, FLI associations with intermediate disease markers remain under-researched. This study addressed this gap by investigating FLI relationships with lipoprotein particle subclass concentrations. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 1713 middle-aged to older-aged men and women randomly selected from a large primary care center. The FLI was calculated using triglyceride, body mass index, waist circumference, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. Lipoprotein particle subclass concentrations and size were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Linear regression analyses examined FLI associations with lipoprotein biomarkers. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, higher FLI scores were associated with larger very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and smaller low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size, more large and medium VLDL, small LDL, and less large HDL particle concentrations, and greater lipoprotein-related insulin resistance (all P <.001). In models that examined these variable associations across FLI quintiles, significant dose-response relationships were observed (P trend <.001 for all). CONCLUSION These findings support the clinical utility of the FLI as a marker of atherogenic risk and as a tool for identifying at-risk individuals. Incorporating the FLI into CVD risk assessment may help improve risk prediction in individuals with liver disease and guide targeted interventions.
Description
Keywords
Fatty liver index , Lipoprotein , Particles , Subclasses , Cardiovascular disease , [PublicHealth]
Citation
Millar, S R, Perry, I J & Phillips, C M 2026, 'Fatty liver index and atherogenic risk determined by lipoprotein particle subclasses: a cross-sectional study of middle- to older-aged adults', Journal of Clinical Lipidology, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2026.09.007