Adaptive leadership in advancing professionalism among clinical nurse educators: A mixed-methods study
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Date
2026-04-30
Authors
Wang, Xiyi
Cui, Nianqi
Wen, Fule
Wu, Lili
Jia, Yunhua
Niu, Xiaoyin
Xu, Shu
Lee, Geraldine
Hu, Yun
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Abstract
Objectives To investigate the professionalism among clinical nurse educators and examine how adaptive leadership supports their transition from clinical practice to educational roles. Methods A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, informed by Wheel of Professionalism in Nursing theory and Adaptive Leadership Theory, was conducted between December 2021 and January 2022. Participants comprised registered nurses from teaching hospitals across five provinces and municipalities in China (Shanghai, Zhejiang, Chongqing, Hebei, and Shanxi). Quantitative data were collected through a multi-center cross-sectional survey involving 669 respondents using the Behavioral Inventory for Professionalism in Nursin g . Qualitative data were obtained via focus group interviews with 12 purposively selected participants. Data integration was conducted through content analysis, structured around key dimensions of professionalism. Results The professionalism score was significantly lower among clinical nurse educators than among their managers [11.00 (8.50, 14.00) vs. 15.00 (9.25, 19.50), Z = −4.110, P < 0.001), indicating a discrepancy in perceived professionalism. No significant differences were observed in adherence to the code for nurse, theory-related domains or publication and communication ( P > 0.05), whereas significant differences were found across the remaining six dimensions ( P < 0.05). Qualitative findings yielded three themes: 1) adaptive alignment with institutional priorities; 2) driving change within complexity; and 3) contributing to social and professional impact. These findings illustrate how adaptive leadership processes shape the development and enactment of professionalism, particularly in navigating role transition and organizational expectations. Conclusions Clinical nurse educators demonstrate comparatively lower levels of professionalism than their managers’ expectations, with gaps concentrated in multiple practice domains. Adaptive leadership plays a pivotal role in bridging these gaps by enabling clinical nurse educators to respond to complex role demands and evolving institutional contexts. Targeted strategies, including structured training, organizational support, and policy-level interventions, are essential to strengthen professionalism and support sustainable workforce development.
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© 2026, the Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Chinese Nursing Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords
Adaptive leadership , Clinical nurse educator , Cross-sectional study , Mixed-methods design , Professionalism , Qualitative research , [NursingMidwifery] , General Nursing
Citation
Wang, X, Cui, N, Wen, F, Wu, L, Jia, Y, Niu, X, Xu, S, Lee, G & Hu, Y 2026, 'Adaptive leadership in advancing professionalism among clinical nurse educators: A mixed-methods study', International Journal of Nursing Sciences, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2026.04.017
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