Sensorial, cultural and volatile properties of dairy powders, yoghurt and butter from pasture and non-pasture cow diets
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Date
2022-12-14
Authors
Zeng, Cheng
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University College Cork
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Abstract
Significant advances have occurred in the ability to extract and identify volatile aromatic dairy compounds that may influence sensory perception. In this Thesis volatile extraction techniques were optimised and evaluated in order to obtain a more representative volatile profile of selected dairy products, such as; whole milk powder, skim milk powder, yoghurt and salted butter. This information was also utilised with gas chromatography olfactometry (GC-O) and sensory analysis to determine which specific compounds are most likely influencing sensory perception. In addition the impact of cow diet was assessed in terms of the volatile and sensory profile on skim milk powder, whole milk powder and salted butter using milk from cows outdoors on pasture-fed diets (such as ryegrass, ryegrass and white clover) and cows indoors on trial mixed rations. Cross cultural sensory analysis was also undertaken on skim milk powder from these diets in order to determine if consumers and trained panellists perceived skim milk powder differently based on diet but also on product familiarity
Chapter 1 provides an updated review of traditional and novel sensory methods used to evaluate milk, milk powders, yoghurt, and butter, as well as gas chromatography mass spectrometry and gas chromatography olfactometry extraction techniques to provide more complete profile of volatiles that impact sensory perception. Chapter 2 investigates the impact of pasture and non-pasture cow diets on the volatile cross cultural sensory perception of skim milk powder. The volatile profile and sensory properties of the skim milk powder were influenced by cow diet and Irish, Chinese and USA consumers as well as trained sensory panellists perceived products differently primarily based on familiarity. Chapter 3 investigated if yoghurt produced from three different starter cultures were perceived differently by Irish consumers, German consumers and trained assessors. German trained assessors found it more difficult to discern differences between some of the yoghurts than trained Irish assessors. Seventeen of the 24 volatiles compounds identified differed due to starter culture, which most directly or indirectly associated with lipid oxidation.The ability of headspace solid phase microextraction, thermal desorption, and high capacity sorptive extraction as a direct immersion and headspace extraction technique were compared with and without salting out and by a polar and non-polar gas chromatograph column for volatile profiling of whole milk powder in Chapter 4. The impact of three different diets on the sensory properties and volatile profile of whole milk powder was investigated in Chapter 5. Both the sensory perception and volatile profiles of whole milk powder differed significantly depending on the diet, with whole milk powder derived from rye-grass or rye-grass and white clover more similar than whole milk powder derived from total mixed ration. Most of the differences in volatiles due to diet were either directly or indirectly linked to fatty acid content. Chapter 6 outlines the development and optimisation of direct immersion high capacity sorptive extraction for the extraction, separation and identification of volatile compounds from salted butter from three different diets; rye-grass or rye-grass and white clover or from total mixed ration.
This thesis has clearly demonstrated that cow diet influences the volatile and sensory characteristics of selected dairy products, which subsequently effects sensory perception on a cultural basis influenced by product familiarity. The benefits of optimising volatile extraction techniques on a product specific basis were clearly demonstrated along with using multiple techniques in order to achieve the most representative volatile profile as possible. Combining volatile analysis with olfactometry and / or sensory techniques enables a more comprehensive understanding of factors influencing sensory perception and choice that can be utilised for product quality, improvement and marketing.
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Keywords
Dairy powders , Yoghurt , Butter , Cross-cultural sensory , Volatile organic compounds , Pasture and non-pasture diet
Citation
Zeng, C. 2022. Sensorial, cultural and volatile properties of dairy powders, yoghurt and butter from pasture and non-pasture cow diets. PhD Thesis, University College Cork.