A fast electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a square wave as excitation signal for impedance-based biomedical applications

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dc.contributor.authorWang, Zhongzhengen
dc.contributor.authorShao, Hanen
dc.contributor.authorO'Riordan, Alanen
dc.contributor.authorHiges-Marquez, Javieren
dc.contributor.authorO'Connell, Ivanen
dc.contributor.authorO'Hare, Danielen
dc.contributor.funderScience Foundation Irelanden
dc.contributor.funderEnterprise Irelanden
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-16T11:30:46Z
dc.date.available2025-07-16T11:30:46Z
dc.date.issued2025-06-18en
dc.description.abstractThis paper introduces a fast, high-accuracy methodology for conducting Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), to meet the requirements of portable, real-time biomedical impedance-based detections with Ultra-Microband (UMB) sensor. Instead of using white noise-like wideband signals as in conventional FFT-based EIS, the proposed method uses a square wave as the excitation signal, which achieves a fast, accurate EIS measurement, but no longer requires complex circuits like high-resolution DACs or frequency mixers for the signal generation. This work starts with the theoretical justification for treating the sensor as a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI), then the practical linear region for operating the sensor as an LTI system is experimentally verified and determined, which enables the capacity of employing the harmonics of a square wave for EIS measurements. A dynamic model of the charge-transfer resistance together with an approximated of the Constant Phase Element (CPE) are implemented with Verilog-A for simulations, and a circuit consisting of a control amplifier and a Trans-Impedance Amplifier (TIA) is designed and fabricated with 65 nm CMOS for validating its on-chip feasibility. This work shortens the EIS measurement time by 91.7% in a frequency sweep range from 0.5 Hz to 500 Hz, with only 2.73% average Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), compared to a commercial electrochemical instrument AutoLab, with five pre-modified electrodes across four different concentrations of Ferrocene Carboxylic Acid (FcCOOH), demonstrating this method is suitable for portable, real-time label-free EIS biomedical detections and applications.en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionAccepted Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationWang, Z., Shao, H., Riordan, A. O., Higes-Marquez, J., Connell, I. O. and Hare, D. O. (2025) 'A fast electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a square wave as excitation signal for impedance-based biomedical applications', IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 19(4), pp. 726–742. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2025.3579698 en
dc.identifier.doi10.1109/tbcas.2025.3579698en
dc.identifier.eissn1940-9990en
dc.identifier.endpage742
dc.identifier.issn1932-4545en
dc.identifier.journaltitleIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systemsen
dc.identifier.startpage726
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/17709
dc.identifier.volume19
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)en
dc.relation.ispartofIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systemsen
dc.relation.projectinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/SFI/Research Centres Programme/16/RC/3835/IE/VistaMilk Centre/en
dc.rights© 2025, IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.en
dc.subjectUltra-microbanden
dc.subjectCVen
dc.subjectEISen
dc.subjectTIAen
dc.subjectFFTen
dc.subjectVerilog-Aen
dc.subjectSensor modellingen
dc.subject~Tyndall National Institute - Journal Articles~en
dc.titleA fast electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a square wave as excitation signal for impedance-based biomedical applicationsen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
dc.typejournal-articleen
publicationissue.issueNumber4
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