Electroanalysis of benzalkonium chloride in ophthalmic formulation by boron-doped diamond electrode

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dc.contributor.authorAlghamdi, Huda
dc.contributor.authorAlsaeedi, Majidah
dc.contributor.authorBuzid, Alyah
dc.contributor.authorGlennon, Jeremy D.
dc.contributor.authorLuong, John H. T.
dc.contributor.funderScience Foundation Irelanden
dc.contributor.funderMinistry of Education – Kingdom of Saudi Arabien
dc.contributor.funderSaudi Arabia Cultural Bureau, Dublinen
dc.contributor.funderProjekt DEAL, Germanyen
dc.date.accessioned2021-08-30T13:33:23Z
dc.date.available2021-08-30T13:33:23Z
dc.date.issued2021-03-12
dc.date.updated2021-08-30T13:10:00Z
dc.description.abstractBenzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides, which is used primarily as a biocide, surfactant, preservative, and antimicrobial agent in the pharmaceutical industry, in particular in ophthalmologic and nasal solutions. However, BAK may cause harmful consequences on the eye structures of the anterior segment. Control of BAK identity and content is necessary by applying a sensitive detection method. This study unravels the use of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode and a pristine boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) for the detection of four BAK homologs in a non-aqueous medium using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The BDD provided more reproducibility of the oxidation potential than GC with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The irreversible oxidation peak was very broad and deconvoluted into 3 peaks corresponding to C12, C14, and combined C16–C18 to reflect their concentration ratio in the mixture. The method was then extended to the detection of the C12 homolog in the ophthalmic formulations with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μg/mL. The estimated BAK levels in three ophthalmic formulations were in agreement with the specified values by the manufacturers. The results were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection, confirming the presence of a single homolog (C12) in the eye drops.en
dc.description.sponsorshipProjekt DEAL (Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL)en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationAlghamdi, H., Alsaeedi, M., Buzid, A., Glennon, J. D. and Luong, J. H. T. (2021) 'Electroanalysis of Benzalkonium Chloride in Ophthalmic Formulation by Boron-doped Diamond Electrode', Electroanalysis, 33(5), pp. 1137-1142. doi: 10.1002/elan.202060582en
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/elan.202060582en
dc.identifier.endpage1142en
dc.identifier.issn1040-0397
dc.identifier.issued5en
dc.identifier.journaltitleElectroanalysisen
dc.identifier.startpage1137en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/11809
dc.identifier.volume33en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherWileyen
dc.relation.projectinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/SFI/SFI Strategic Research Cluster/08/SRC/B1412/IE/SRC ISSC: Irish Separation Science Cluster-Comprehensive multi-dimensional and multi-modal separation science for complex biological systems/en
dc.relation.urihttps://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/elan.202060582
dc.rights© 2021 The Authors. Electroanalysis published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non- commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en
dc.subjectBenzalkonium chlorideen
dc.subjectBoron-doped diamond electrodeen
dc.subjectC12 homologsen
dc.subjectElectrochemical methoden
dc.subjectEye dropsen
dc.subjectHigh-performance liquid chromatographyen
dc.titleElectroanalysis of benzalkonium chloride in ophthalmic formulation by boron-doped diamond electrodeen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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