Telegrapher equation-based FDTD modeling of multiport nonreciprocal resonator-based RF circuits: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

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dc.contributor.authorKumar, Anand
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Zixiao
dc.contributor.authorSarkar, Debdeep
dc.contributor.authorNikolaou, Symeon
dc.contributor.authorVryonides, Photos
dc.contributor.authorPsychogiou, Dimitra
dc.date.accessioned2026-05-25T14:50:10Z
dc.date.available2026-05-25T14:50:10Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-20
dc.description.abstractThis article presents a novel finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) framework for the analysis and design of multiport nonreciprocal (NR) circuits based on spatiotemporally modulated (STM) resonators. Traditional frequency-domain methods, such as harmonic balance (HB) simulations, face significant challenges in modeling time-modulated elements due to harmonic truncation. In contrast, the proposed time-domain (TD) approach inherently supports arbitrary waveforms and adaptive components, enabling accurate and efficient analysis of space–time-modulated and tunable RF systems. Specifically, the proposed FDTD-based analysis framework introduces a generalized update scheme for interconnected transmission line (TL) junctions and lumped-element resonators using modified Telegrapher’s equations and custom boundary conditions (BCs), allowing to support complex circuit topologies, including NR-bandpass filters (NR-BPFs), NR-filtering power dividers (NR-FPDs), and NR-filtering couplers, and extract their key performance metrics such as TD waveforms, S-parameters, and constellation diagrams. Real-time simulations demonstrate the method’s ability to model direction-dependent behavior, frequency conversion, and broadband signal propagation with high accuracy. The method is exhaustively compared and validated with simulations and measurements through the manufacturing and testing of three experimental prototypes at the UHF band. These include: 1) a tunable 3rd-order in-line NR-BPF; 2) a tunable 4th-order single-band NR-BPF; and 3) a 3rd-order NR-FPD. © 1963-2012 IEEE.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported in part by Research Ireland under Project 20/RP/8334
dc.description.sponsorshipin part by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, under Grant SRG/2021/000831
dc.description.sponsorshipin part by the Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship (PMRF), Ministry of Education, Government of India, under Grant TF/PMRF-22-3965
dc.description.sponsorshipin part by the Cohesion Policy Funds “THALEIA 2021-2027” with EU Co-Funding under Grant BRIDGE2HORIZON/0823D/0005 (SWIFTWAVE)
dc.description.sponsorshipand in part by the ENTERPRISES/0223/Sub-Call0.576 ROMANIA Project co-funded by the Recovery and Resilience Facility of the Next Generation EU Instrument.
dc.description.versionPublished Version
dc.format.extent18
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.authororcidKumar, Anand
dc.identifier.authororcidZhang, Zixiao
dc.identifier.authororcidSarkar, Debdeep
dc.identifier.authororcidNikolaou, Symeon
dc.identifier.authororcidVryonides, Photos
dc.identifier.authororcidPsychogiou, Dimitra§0000-0003-1936-4026
dc.identifier.citationKumar, A, Zhang, Z, Sarkar, D, Nikolaou, S, Vryonides, P & Psychogiou, D 2026, 'Telegrapher equation-based FDTD modeling of multiport nonreciprocal resonator-based RF circuits : IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques', IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2026.3683629
dc.identifier.doi10.1109/TMTT.2026.3683629
dc.identifier.endpage18
dc.identifier.issn0018-9480
dc.identifier.journaltitleIEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
dc.identifier.otherRIS: urn:28A23FBB0007474C8D0A1ADC57809D31
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0003-1936-4026/work/215731916
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/18866
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
dc.relation.urihttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036588578?origin=resultslist
dc.rights© 2026, the Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
dc.rights.accessrightsopen access
dc.rights.licensenameAttribution 4.0 International
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.statusPeer reviewed
dc.subjectFilters
dc.subjectFinite-difference time domain (FDTD)
dc.subjectNonreciprocity
dc.subjectRF components
dc.subjectSpace–time modulation
dc.subject[Tyndall]
dc.subjectElectric network analysis
dc.subjectFrequency domain analysis
dc.subject[EngineeringArchitecture]
dc.subjectScattering parameters
dc.titleTelegrapher equation-based FDTD modeling of multiport nonreciprocal resonator-based RF circuits: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniquesen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)
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