Self-compassion around the world: measurement invariance of the short form of the Self-Compassion Scale (scs-sf) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

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dc.contributor.authorSwami, Virenen
dc.contributor.authorTran, Ulrich S.en
dc.contributor.authorVoracek, Martinen
dc.contributor.authorAavik, Toivoen
dc.contributor.authorRanjbar, Hamed Abdollahpouren
dc.contributor.authorAdebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewajuen
dc.contributor.authorAfhami, Rezaen
dc.contributor.authorAhmed, Olien
dc.contributor.authorAimé, Annieen
dc.contributor.authorAkel, Marwanen
dc.contributor.authorAl Halbusi, Hussamen
dc.contributor.authorAlexias, Georgeen
dc.contributor.authorAli, Khawla F.en
dc.contributor.authorAlp-Dal, Nurselen
dc.contributor.authorAlsalhani, Anas B.en
dc.contributor.authorÁlvarez-Solas, Saraen
dc.contributor.authorAmaral, Ana Carolina Soaresen
dc.contributor.authorAndrianto, Sonnyen
dc.contributor.authorAspden, Treforen
dc.contributor.authorArgyrides, Mariosen
dc.contributor.authorAruta, John Jamir Benzon R.en
dc.contributor.authorAtkin, Stephenen
dc.contributor.authorAyandele, Olusolaen
dc.contributor.authorBaceviciene, Migleen
dc.contributor.authorBahbouh, Radvanen
dc.contributor.authorBallesio, Andreaen
dc.contributor.authorBarron, Daviden
dc.contributor.authorBellard, Ashleighen
dc.contributor.authorBender, Sóley Sesseljaen
dc.contributor.authorBeydaǧ, Kerime Deryaen
dc.contributor.authorBirovljević, Goranaen
dc.contributor.authorBlackburn, Marie-Èveen
dc.contributor.authorBorja-Alvarez, Teresitaen
dc.contributor.authorBorowiec, Joannaen
dc.contributor.authorBozogáňová, Miroslavaen
dc.contributor.authorBratland-Sanda, Solfriden
dc.contributor.authorBrowning, Matthew H. E. M.en
dc.contributor.authorBrytek-Matera, Annaen
dc.contributor.authorBurakova, Marinaen
dc.contributor.authorÇakır-Koçak, Yelizen
dc.contributor.authorCamacho, Pabloen
dc.contributor.authorCamilleri, Vittorio Emanueleen
dc.contributor.authorCazzato, Valentinaen
dc.contributor.authorCerea, Silviaen
dc.contributor.authorChaiwutikornwanich, Apitchayaen
dc.contributor.authorChaleeraktrakoon, Trawinen
dc.contributor.authorChambers, Timen
dc.contributor.authorChen, Qing-Weien
dc.contributor.authorChen, Xinen
dc.contributor.authorChien, Chin-Lungen
dc.contributor.authorChobthamkit, Phatthanakiten
dc.contributor.authorChoompunuch, Bovornpoten
dc.contributor.authorCompte, Emilio J.en
dc.contributor.authorCorrigan, Jenniferen
dc.contributor.authorCosmas, Getrudeen
dc.contributor.authorCowden, Richard G.en
dc.contributor.authorCzepczor-Bernat, Kamilaen
dc.contributor.authorCzub, Marcinen
dc.contributor.authorda Silva, Wanderson Robertoen
dc.contributor.authorDadfar, Mahboubehen
dc.contributor.authorDalley, Simon E.en
dc.contributor.authorDany, Lionelen
dc.contributor.authorDatu, Jesus Alfonso D.en
dc.contributor.authorde Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Berberten
dc.contributor.authorde Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Linsen
dc.contributor.authorDe Jesus, Avila Odia S.en
dc.contributor.authorDebbabi, Sonia Harzallahen
dc.contributor.authorDhakal, Sandeshen
dc.contributor.authorDi Bernardo, Francescaen
dc.contributor.authorDimitrova, Donka D.en
dc.contributor.authorDion, Jacintheen
dc.contributor.authorDixson, Barnabyen
dc.contributor.authorDonofrio, Stacey M.en
dc.contributor.authorDrysch, Mariusen
dc.contributor.authorDu, Hongfeien
dc.contributor.authorDzhambov, Angel M.en
dc.contributor.authorEl-Jor, Claireen
dc.contributor.authorEnea, Violetaen
dc.contributor.authorEskin, Mehmeten
dc.contributor.authorFarbod, Farinazen
dc.contributor.authorFarrugia, Lorleenen
dc.contributor.authorFian, Leonieen
dc.contributor.authorFisher, Maryanne L.en
dc.contributor.authorFolwarczny, Michałen
dc.contributor.authorFrederick, David A.en
dc.contributor.authorFuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthewen
dc.contributor.authorFurnham, Adrianen
dc.contributor.authorGarcía, Antonio Alíasen
dc.contributor.authorGeller, Shulamiten
dc.contributor.authorGhisi, Martaen
dc.contributor.authorGhorbani, Alirezaen
dc.contributor.authorMartinez, Maria Angeles Gomezen
dc.contributor.authorGradidge, Sarahen
dc.contributor.authorGraf, Sylvieen
dc.contributor.authorGrano, Caterinaen
dc.contributor.authorGyene, Gyöngyvéren
dc.contributor.authorHallit, Souheilen
dc.contributor.authorHamdan, Motasemen
dc.contributor.authorHandelzalts, Jonathan E.en
dc.contributor.authorHanel, Paul H. P.en
dc.contributor.authorHawks, Steven R.en
dc.contributor.authorHekmati, Issaen
dc.contributor.authorHelmy, Maien
dc.contributor.authorHill, Tetianaen
dc.contributor.authorHina, Farahen
dc.contributor.authorHolenweger, Geraldineen
dc.contributor.authorHřebíčková, Martinaen
dc.contributor.authorIjabadeniyi, Olasupo Augustineen
dc.contributor.authorImam, Asmaen
dc.contributor.authorİnce, Başaken
dc.contributor.authorIrrazabal, Nataliaen
dc.contributor.authorJankauskiene, Rasaen
dc.contributor.authorJiang, Ding-Yuen
dc.contributor.authorJiménez-Borja, Micaelaen
dc.contributor.authorJiménez-Borja, Verónicaen
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Evan M.en
dc.contributor.authorJovanović, Veljkoen
dc.contributor.authorJović, Marijaen
dc.contributor.authorJović, Markoen
dc.contributor.authorJunqueira, Alessandra Costa Pereiraen
dc.contributor.authorKahle, Lisa-Marieen
dc.contributor.authorKantanista, Adamen
dc.contributor.authorKarakiraz, Ahmeten
dc.contributor.authorKarkin, Ayşe Nuren
dc.contributor.authorKasten, Erichen
dc.contributor.authorKhatib, Salamen
dc.contributor.authorKhieowan, Nuannuten
dc.contributor.authorKimong, Patricia Josephen
dc.contributor.authorKiropoulos, Litzaen
dc.contributor.authorKnittel, Joshuaen
dc.contributor.authorKohli, Neenaen
dc.contributor.authorKoprivnik, Mirjamen
dc.contributor.authorKospakov, Aituaren
dc.contributor.authorKról-Zielińska, Magdalenaen
dc.contributor.authorKrug, Isabelen
dc.contributor.authorKuan, Garryen
dc.contributor.authorKueh, Yee Chengen
dc.contributor.authorKujan, Omaren
dc.contributor.authorKukić, Miljanaen
dc.contributor.authorKumar, Sanjayen
dc.contributor.authorKumar, Vipulen
dc.contributor.authorLamba, Nishthaen
dc.contributor.authorLauri, Mary Anneen
dc.contributor.authorLaus, Maria Fernandaen
dc.contributor.authorLeBlanc, Liza Aprilen
dc.contributor.authorLee, Hyejoo J.en
dc.contributor.authorLipowska, Małgorzataen
dc.contributor.authorLipowski, Mariuszen
dc.contributor.authorLombardo, Caterinaen
dc.contributor.authorLukács, Andreaen
dc.contributor.authorMaïano, Christopheen
dc.contributor.authorMalik, Sadiaen
dc.contributor.authorManjary, Mandaren
dc.contributor.authorBaldó, Lidia Márquezen
dc.contributor.authorMartinez-Banfi, Marthaen
dc.contributor.authorMassar, Karlijnen
dc.contributor.authorMatera, Camillaen
dc.contributor.authorMcAnirlin, Oliviaen
dc.contributor.authorMebarak, Moisésen
dc.contributor.authorMechri, Anwaren
dc.contributor.authorMeireles, Juliana Fernandes Filgueirasen
dc.contributor.authorMesko, Norberten
dc.contributor.authorMills, Jacquelineen
dc.contributor.authorMiyairi, Mayaen
dc.contributor.authorModi, Rituen
dc.contributor.authorModrzejewska, Adrianaen
dc.contributor.authorModrzejewska, Justynaen
dc.contributor.authorMulgrew, Kate E.en
dc.contributor.authorMyers, Taryn A.en
dc.contributor.authorNamatame, Hikarien
dc.contributor.authorNassani, Mohammad Zakariaen
dc.contributor.authorNerini, Amandaen
dc.contributor.authorNeto, Félixen
dc.contributor.authorNeto, Joanaen
dc.contributor.authorNeves, Angela Noguieraen
dc.contributor.authorNg, Siu-Kuenen
dc.contributor.authorNithiya, Devien
dc.contributor.authorO, Jiaqingen
dc.contributor.authorObeid, Saharen
dc.contributor.authorOda-Montecinos, Camilaen
dc.contributor.authorOlapegba, Peter Olamakindeen
dc.contributor.authorOlonisakin, Tosin Tunrayoen
dc.contributor.authorOmar, Salma Samiren
dc.contributor.authorÖrlygsdóttir, Brynjaen
dc.contributor.authorÖzsoy, Emrahen
dc.contributor.authorOtterbring, Tobiasen
dc.contributor.authorPahl, Sabineen
dc.contributor.authorPanasiti, Maria Serenaen
dc.contributor.authorPark, Yonguken
dc.contributor.authorPatwary, Muhammad Mainuddinen
dc.contributor.authorPethö, Tatianaen
dc.contributor.authorPetrova, Nadezhdaen
dc.contributor.authorPietschnig, Jakoben
dc.contributor.authorPourmahmoud, Sadafen
dc.contributor.authorPrabhu, Vishnunarayan Girishanen
dc.contributor.authorPoštuvan, Vitaen
dc.contributor.authorProkop, Pavolen
dc.contributor.authorWinter, Virginia L. Ramseyeren
dc.contributor.authorRazmus, Magdalenaen
dc.contributor.authorRu, Taotaoen
dc.contributor.authorRupar, Mirjanaen
dc.contributor.authorSahlan, Reza N.en
dc.contributor.authorHassan, Mohammad Salahen
dc.contributor.authorŠalov, Anđelaen
dc.contributor.authorSapkota, Saphalen
dc.contributor.authorSarfo, Jacob Owusuen
dc.contributor.authorSawamiya, Yokoen
dc.contributor.authorSchaefer, Katrinen
dc.contributor.authorSchulte-Mecklenbeck, Michaelen
dc.contributor.authorSeekis, Veyaen
dc.contributor.authorSelvi, Kerimen
dc.contributor.authorSharifi, Mehdien
dc.contributor.authorShrivastava, Anitaen
dc.contributor.authorSiddique, Rumana Ferdousien
dc.contributor.authorSigurdsson, Valdimaren
dc.contributor.authorSilkane, Vinetaen
dc.contributor.authorŠimunić, Anaen
dc.contributor.authorSingh, Govinden
dc.contributor.authorSlezáčková, Alenaen
dc.contributor.authorSundgot-Borgen, Christineen
dc.contributor.authorHoor, Gill Tenen
dc.contributor.authorTevichapong, Passagornen
dc.contributor.authorTipandjan, Arunen
dc.contributor.authorTodd, Jenniferen
dc.contributor.authorTogas, Constantinosen
dc.contributor.authorTonini, Fernandoen
dc.contributor.authorTovar-Castro, Juan Camiloen
dc.contributor.authorTrangsrud, Lise Katrine Jepsenen
dc.contributor.authorTripathi, Pankajen
dc.contributor.authorTudorel, Otiliaen
dc.contributor.authorTylka, Tracy L.en
dc.contributor.authorUyzbayeva, Anaren
dc.contributor.authorVally, Zahiren
dc.contributor.authorVanags, Edmundsen
dc.contributor.authorVega, Luis Diegoen
dc.contributor.authorVicente-Arruebarrena, Aitoren
dc.contributor.authorVidal-Mollón, Joseen
dc.contributor.authorVilar, Roosevelten
dc.contributor.authorVillegas, Hyxiaen
dc.contributor.authorVintilă, Monaen
dc.contributor.authorWallner, Christophen
dc.contributor.authorWhite, Mathew P.en
dc.contributor.authorWhitebridge, Simonen
dc.contributor.authorWindhager, Sonjaen
dc.contributor.authorWong, Kah Yanen
dc.contributor.authorYau, Eric Kensonen
dc.contributor.authorYamamiya, Yukoen
dc.contributor.authorYeung, Victoria Wai Lanen
dc.contributor.authorZanetti, Marcelo Callegarien
dc.contributor.authorZawisza, Magdalenaen
dc.contributor.authorZeeni, Nadineen
dc.contributor.authorZvaríková, Martinaen
dc.contributor.authorStieger, Stefanen
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-13T08:54:21Z
dc.date.available2025-05-13T08:54:21Z
dc.date.issued2025en
dc.description.abstractObjectives: The 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF) is a widely used instrument for the assessment of self-compassion. To date, there have been few examinations of this instrument’s psychometric properties, particularly across nations and languages. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey (BINS) to assess measurement invariance of the SCS–SF across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Methods: Participants (N = 56,968) from 65 nations completed the SCS–SF in 40 languages. Using these data, we tested various hypothesised models of the SCS–SF in the total sample and, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, tested for invariance of the optimal model across national groups, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Results: In the total dataset, we found that an 11-item, 2-factor model (i.e., SCS-11) provided best fit to the data, with the two factors tapping distinct constructs of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. The SCS-11 was found to be partially scalar invariant across national groups and languages, and fully scalar invariant across gender identities and age groups. There was wide variation in latent means for the two factors, particularly across national groups and languages. Further analyses showed negligible associations between the two factors and sociodemographic variables, including marital status, financial security, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that it may be possible to derive a stable 2-factor model of the SCS–SF for use in cross-cultural research, but also highlight the likelihood of cross-national and cross-linguistic variations in the way that self-compassion is understood.en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationSwami, V., Tran, U. S., Voracek, M., Aavik, T., Ranjbar, H. A., Adebayo, S. O., Afhami, R., Ahmed, O., Aimé, A., Akel, M. and Al Halbusi, H. (2025) 'Self-compassion around the world: measurement invariance of the short form of the Self-Compassion Scale (scs-sf) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups', Mindfulness, pp.1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-025-02560-5en
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s12671-025-02560-5en
dc.identifier.issn18688527en
dc.identifier.journaltitleMindfulnessen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/17441
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherSpringeren
dc.rights© 2025, the Author(s). Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectCross-culturalen
dc.subjectMeasurement invarianceen
dc.subjectMulti-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA)en
dc.subjectSelf-compassion scaleen
dc.subjectShort formen
dc.subject~Applied Psychology - Journal Articles~en
dc.titleSelf-compassion around the world: measurement invariance of the short form of the Self-Compassion Scale (scs-sf) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groupsen
dc.typeArticle (peer reviewed)en
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