dc.contributor.author	Woods, Shane
dc.contributor.author	Coghlan, Avril
dc.contributor.author	Rivers, David
dc.contributor.author	Warnecke, Tobias
dc.contributor.author	Jeffries, Sean J.
dc.contributor.author	Kwon, Taejoon
dc.contributor.author	Rogers, Anthony
dc.contributor.author	Hurst, Laurence D.
dc.contributor.author	Ahringer, Julie
dc.contributor.funder	Gates Cambridge Scholarship programme	en
dc.contributor.funder	Royal Society, United Kingdom	en
dc.contributor.funder	Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom	en
dc.contributor.funder	Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin	de
dc.contributor.funder	National Institutes of Health, United States	en
dc.date.accessioned	2016-02-17T11:46:18Z
dc.date.available	2016-02-17T11:46:18Z
dc.date.issued	2013
dc.description.abstract	When a duplicate gene has no apparent loss-of-function phenotype, it is commonly considered that the phenotype has been masked as a result of functional redundancy with the remaining paralog. This is supported by indirect evidence showing that multi-copy genes show loss-of-function phenotypes less often than single-copy genes and by direct tests of phenotype masking using select gene sets. Here we take a systematic genome-wide RNA interference approach to assess phenotype masking in paralog pairs in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. Remarkably, in contrast to expectations, we find that phenotype masking makes only a minor contribution to the low knockdown phenotype rate for duplicate genes. Instead, we find that non-essential genes are highly over-represented among duplicates, leading to a low observed loss-of-function phenotype rate. We further find that duplicate pairs derived from essential and non-essential genes have contrasting evolutionary dynamics: whereas non-essential genes are both more often successfully duplicated (fixed) and lost, essential genes are less often duplicated but upon successful duplication are maintained over longer periods. We expect the fundamental evolutionary duplication dynamics presented here to be broadly applicable.	en
dc.description.sponsorship	Gates Cambridge Scholarship; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award; Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (054523); Wellcome Trust; Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin; MRC; NIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)	en
dc.description.status	Peer reviewed	en
dc.description.version	Published Version	en
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	en
dc.identifier.articleid	UNSP e1003330
dc.identifier.citation	Woods S, Coghlan A, Rivers D, Warnecke T, Jeffries SJ, Kwon T, et al. (2013) Duplication and Retention Biases of Essential and Non-Essential Genes Revealed by Systematic Knockdown Analyses. PLoS Genet 9(5): e1003330. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003330	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1371/journal.pgen.1003330
dc.identifier.issn	1553-7390
dc.identifier.issued	5	en
dc.identifier.journaltitle	PLOS GENETICS	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://hdl.handle.net/10468/2381
dc.identifier.volume	9	en
dc.language.iso	en	en
dc.publisher	Public Library of Science	en
dc.rights	© 2013 Woods et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited	en
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	en
dc.subject	C. elegans chromosome-I	en
dc.subject	Caenorhabditis elegans	en
dc.subject	RNA interference	en
dc.subject	Phylogenetic trees	en
dc.subject	Copy number	en
dc.subject	C. elegans	en
dc.subject	Yeast	en
dc.subject	Redundancy	en
dc.subject	Evolution	en
dc.subject	Families	en
dc.title	Duplication and retention biases of essential and non-essential genes revealed by systematic knockdown analyses	en
dc.type	Article (peer-reviewed)	en

Duplication and retention biases of essential and non-essential genes revealed by systematic knockdown analyses

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