Fabrication of enzymatic lactate biofuel cells using direct laser writing technology for wearable real-time monitoring applications

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dc.contributor.authorHamidi, Hassan
dc.contributor.authorBozorgzadeh, Somayyeh
dc.contributor.authorSetti, Michele
dc.contributor.authorPontiroli, Daniele
dc.contributor.authorO'Riordan, Alan
dc.contributor.authorQuinn, Aidan
dc.contributor.authorIacopino, Daniela
dc.contributor.funderHorizon Europe
dc.contributor.funderTaighde Éireann - Research Ireland
dc.contributor.funderHorizon 2020
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T14:50:07Z
dc.date.available2026-07-01T14:50:07Z
dc.date.issued2026-01-03
dc.description.abstractLactate is a key biomarker of metabolic activity, with elevated levels serving as indicators of various physiological and pathological states. Continuous monitoring of lactate is, therefore, essential for both healthcare and performance optimization, while enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) provide a sustainable approach to power wearable biosensing systems. Despite lactate’s abundance in biofluids and the existence of several successful examples of lactate-based EBFCs in the literature, further advancement is needed to implement these systems on scalable electrode platforms. Here, we report the first lactate/oxygen EBFC fabricated on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes prepared by direct laser writing. The bioanode and biocathode were functionalized exclusively with essential components, including lactate oxidase with tetrathiafulvalene and bilirubin oxidase with ABTS, respectively. The device exhibited an open-circuit potential (OCP) of about 600 mV and a maximum power density of 48.1 μW·cm–2 at 20 mM lactate. Importantly, the power density increased linearly with lactate concentration across the physiologically relevant sweat range (5–20 mM, slope 2.9 μW·cm–2·mM– 1, R2 = 0.997), underscoring its suitability for sweat-based biosensing. Stable operation was maintained for over 2 h under continuous lactate flow, along with good reproducibility, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 5% across 10 independently fabricated devices. These findings demonstrate the viability of LIG as a sustainable and scalable electrode material and highlight the potential of simplified EBFC architectures for future integration into wearable and self-powered biosensing technologies.en
dc.description.sponsorshipHorizon Europe|101060941|GreenArt Horizon Europe|101123175|Herit4ages Research Ireland| 13/RC/2077-P2|CONNECT H2020|101032167|SusBioLIG
dc.format.extent6
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.authororcidHamidi, Hassan§0000-0002-7775-8536
dc.identifier.authororcidBozorgzadeh, Somayyeh§0000-0002-0162-0573
dc.identifier.authororcidSetti, Michele
dc.identifier.authororcidPontiroli, Daniele
dc.identifier.authororcidO'Riordan, Alan
dc.identifier.authororcidQuinn, Aidan§0000-0003-4021-9990
dc.identifier.authororcidIacopino, Daniela§0000-0003-2301-9401
dc.identifier.citationHamidi, H, Bozorgzadeh, S, Setti, M, Pontiroli, D, O'Riordan, A, Quinn, A & Iacopino, D 2026, 'Fabrication of enzymatic lactate biofuel cells using direct laser writing technology for wearable real-time monitoring applications', ACS Applied Engineering Materials, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 369-375. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.5c01039
dc.identifier.doi10.1021/acsaenm.5c01039
dc.identifier.endpage375
dc.identifier.issn2771-9545
dc.identifier.issued1
dc.identifier.journaltitleACS Applied Engineering Materials
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0003-2301-9401/work/219410267
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-7775-8536/work/219410313
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-0162-0573/work/219410444
dc.identifier.startpage369
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/18989
dc.identifier.volume4
dc.language.isoen
dc.rights© 2026, the Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.
dc.rights.accessrightsembargoed access
dc.statusPeer reviewed
dc.subjectEnzymatic biofuel cells
dc.subjectLactate oxidase
dc.subjectBilirubin oxidase
dc.subjectDirect laser writing
dc.subjectLactate monitoring
dc.subject[TyndallMicroNano]
dc.titleFabrication of enzymatic lactate biofuel cells using direct laser writing technology for wearable real-time monitoring applicationsen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)
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