Electroanalysis of benzalkonium chloride in ophthalmic formulation by boron-doped diamond electrode
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Supplementary information
Date
2021-03-12
Authors
Alghamdi, Huda
Alsaeedi, Majidah
Buzid, Alyah
Glennon, Jeremy D.
Luong, John H. T.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Wiley
Published Version
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides, which is used primarily as a biocide, surfactant, preservative, and antimicrobial agent in the pharmaceutical industry, in particular in ophthalmologic and nasal solutions. However, BAK may cause harmful consequences on the eye structures of the anterior segment. Control of BAK identity and content is necessary by applying a sensitive detection method. This study unravels the use of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode and a pristine boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) for the detection of four BAK homologs in a non-aqueous medium using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The BDD provided more reproducibility of the oxidation potential than GC with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The irreversible oxidation peak was very broad and deconvoluted into 3 peaks corresponding to C12, C14, and combined C16–C18 to reflect their concentration ratio in the mixture. The method was then extended to the detection of the C12 homolog in the ophthalmic formulations with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μg/mL. The estimated BAK levels in three ophthalmic formulations were in agreement with the specified values by the manufacturers. The results were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection, confirming the presence of a single homolog (C12) in the eye drops.
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Keywords
Benzalkonium chloride , Boron-doped diamond electrode , C12 homologs , Electrochemical method , Eye drops , High-performance liquid chromatography
Citation
Alghamdi, H., Alsaeedi, M., Buzid, A., Glennon, J. D. and Luong, J. H. T. (2021) 'Electroanalysis of Benzalkonium Chloride in Ophthalmic Formulation by Boron-doped Diamond Electrode', Electroanalysis, 33(5), pp. 1137-1142. doi: 10.1002/elan.202060582