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Coverage and stability of NHx terminated cobalt and ruthenium surfaces: a first principles investigation
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Accepted version
Date
2019-09-24
Authors
Liu, Ji
Nolan, Michael
Journal Title
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Publisher
American Chemical Society
Published Version
Abstract
In the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Cobalt (Co) and Ruthenium (Ru) metal using nitrogen plasma, the structure and composition of the post N-plasma NHx terminated (x = 1 or 2) metal surfaces are not well known but are important in the subsequent metal-containing pulse. In this paper, we use the low-index (001) and (100) surfaces of Co and Ru as models of the metal polycrystalline thin films. The (001) surface with a hexagonal surface structure is the most stable surface and the (100) surface with a zigzag structure is the least stable surface but has high reactivity. We investigate the stability of NH and NH2 terminations on these surfaces to determine the saturation coverage of NHx on Co and Ru. NH is most stable in the hollow hcp site on (001) surface and the bridge site on the (100) surface, while NH2 prefers the bridge site on both (001) and (100) surfaces. The differential energy is calculated to find the saturation coverage of NH and NH2. We also present results on mixed NH/NH2-terminations. The results are analyzed by thermodynamics using Gibbs free energies (ΔG) to reveal temperature effects on the stability of NH and NH2 terminations. Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and standard ALD operating conditions are considered. Under typical ALD operating conditions we find that the most stable NHx terminated metal surfaces are 1ML NH on Ru(001) surface (350K-550K), 5/9ML (0.56ML) NH on Co(001) surface (500K-650K) and a mixture of NH and NH2 on both Ru(100) and Co(100) surfaces.
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Keywords
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) , Atomic layer deposition , Thin films , N atom
Citation
Liu, J. and Nolan, M. (2019) 'Coverage and Stability of NHx Terminated Cobalt and Ruthenium Surfaces: A First Principles Investigation', The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06287
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Copyright
© 2019 American Chemical Society. This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appears in final form in Journal of Physical Chemistry C, © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06287