Compact modulators on silicon nitride waveguide platform via micro-transfer printing of thin-film lithium niobate
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Published Version
Date
2025
Authors
Badri, S. Hadi
Kotlyar, Maria V.
Das, Risov
Arafat, Yeasir
Moynihan, Owen
Corbett, Brian
O’Faolain, Liam
Ghosh, Samir
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Nature Research
Published Version
Abstract
We explore the use of micro-transfer printing (µTP) technology to integrate thin lithium niobate (LN) films onto silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides, facilitating the development of compact electro-optical modulators. Three modulator architectures are investigated: Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), Fabry-Perot (FP) resonator, and side-coupled FP resonators. By acting as a photonic molecule, the proposed coupled FP resonators enable improved spectral engineering with new functionalities while maximizing the transmission and quality-factor (Q-factor) of the resonances. Design, simulations, fabrication method, and experimental results are presented, demonstrating the potential of µTP in advancing electro-optical modulators. The half-wave voltage-length product (VπL) of the fabricated devices decreases as the Q-factor increases achieving VπL = 10.5, 4.3, and 2.74 V.cm for MZI, FP, and photonic molecule modulators, respectively.
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Keywords
Lithium , Silicon nitride , Article , Controlled study , Electric potential , Human , Interferometer , Printing , Simulation
Citation
Badri, S. H., Kotlyar, M. V., Das, R., Arafat, Y., Moynihan, O., Corbett, B., O’Faolain, L. and Ghosh, S. (2025) 'Compact modulators on silicon nitride waveguide platform via micro-transfer printing of thin-film lithium niobate', Scientific Reports, 15(1), p.11681. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-95397-w