Labelling, defining and classifying the active ingredients in oral language interventions for children with or at risk of developmental language disorder: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis

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dc.contributor.authorFrizelle, Pauline
dc.contributor.authorMurphy, Doris
dc.contributor.authorMurphy, Lenora
dc.contributor.authorFletcher, Leonard
dc.contributor.authorO'Leary, Norma
dc.contributor.authorKerrisk, Norma
dc.contributor.authorLyons, Imogen
dc.contributor.authorBuckley, Ana
dc.contributor.authorEadie, Patricia
dc.contributor.authorEbbels, Susan
dc.contributor.authorFerk‐Dornstauder, Melanie
dc.contributor.authorJessenitschnig, Johanna
dc.contributor.authorFricke, Silke
dc.contributor.authorKelic, Maja
dc.contributor.authorKunnari, Sari
dc.contributor.authorLeitão, Suze
dc.contributor.authorMcKean, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorMcGregor, Karla
dc.contributor.authorMunro, Natalie
dc.contributor.authorMurphy, Carol‐Anne
dc.contributor.authorHorne, Amanda Owen Van
dc.contributor.funderHealth Research Board Ireland, HRB
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T12:00:02Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T12:00:02Z
dc.date.issued2026-06-19
dc.description.abstractBackground: In recent years, there has been an increase in studies reporting on effective child language interventions for people with or at risk for (Developmental) Language Disorder ((D)LD). However, the translation of this evidence into practice has been impeded by under-specified intervention reporting, specifically on what the active ingredients of therapy are and how they are defined. This systematic review forms part of a larger research programme conducted by the Intervention Consensus for Language Disorder group. Aim: To identify, summarise, and synthesize how the active ingredients of oral language interventions for children with or at risk for (D)LD have been labelled, defined, described, and classified in empirical and clinical literature. Methods: This registered review (PROSPERO ID CRD42024541407) adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Search terms were included in seven electronic databases. Included literature comprised peer-reviewed oral language intervention studies (published in English, German, Portuguese, Croatian, Italian, or Finnish; between January 2019 and May 2024; and reporting on participants who were ≤ 18 years, with/at risk for (D)LD); intervention-focused taxonomies; intervention manuals (published in the last 10 years); and textbooks used to teach child language interventions in pre-registration Speech and Language Therapy/Pathology courses (identified through the Whatworks database and a social media survey, respectively). Data extraction was guided by the TIDieR checklist with additional items deemed relevant for this review. Results: 9576 articles were identified and screened; 619 were included for full text screening; and 243 articles were included in the review. Significant reporting inconsistencies were evident, including identical labels masking different mechanisms, as well as similar mechanisms operating under different labels; conflation of discrete techniques and procedures; the application of common labels in multiple ways; the use of unfamiliar terminology to refer to familiar techniques; and the use of broad terms masking multiple active ingredients. These inconsistencies do not align with what is considered well-specified active ingredients and consequently, significantly impede intervention replication and cross study comparisons. Conclusion: This review highlights the need to develop consensus on (1) how active ingredients of intervention are labelled and defined so that they are consistent, precise and non-overlapping and (2) a comprehensive integrative taxonomy for ease of understanding and use, when reporting on oral language interventions for children with or at risk for (D)LD.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was funded by an Applied Programme of Research award from the Health Research Board Ireland -grant number APRO-2023-006.
dc.description.versionPublished Version
dc.format.extent25
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.articleide70271
dc.identifier.authororcidFrizelle, Pauline§0000-0002-9715-3788
dc.identifier.authororcidMurphy, Doris§0000-0003-4012-4158
dc.identifier.authororcidMurphy, Lenora
dc.identifier.authororcidFletcher, Leonard
dc.identifier.authororcidO'Leary, Norma
dc.identifier.authororcidKerrisk, Norma
dc.identifier.authororcidLyons, Imogen
dc.identifier.authororcidBuckley, Ana
dc.identifier.authororcidEadie, Patricia
dc.identifier.authororcidEbbels, Susan
dc.identifier.authororcidFerk‐Dornstauder, Melanie
dc.identifier.authororcidJessenitschnig, Johanna
dc.identifier.authororcidFricke, Silke
dc.identifier.authororcidKelic, Maja
dc.identifier.authororcidKunnari, Sari
dc.identifier.authororcidLeitão, Suze
dc.identifier.authororcidMcKean, Cristina
dc.identifier.authororcidMcGregor, Karla
dc.identifier.authororcidMunro, Natalie
dc.identifier.authororcidMurphy, Carol‐Anne
dc.identifier.authororcidHorne, Amanda Owen Van
dc.identifier.citationFrizelle, P, Murphy, D, Murphy, L, Fletcher, L, O'Leary, N, Kerrisk, N, Lyons, I, Buckley, A, Eadie, P, Ebbels, S, Ferk‐Dornstauder, M, Jessenitschnig, J, Fricke, S, Kelic, M, Kunnari, S, Leitão, S, McKean, C, McGregor, K, Munro, N, Murphy, CA & Horne, A O V 2026, 'Labelling, defining and classifying the active ingredients in oral language interventions for children with or at risk of developmental language disorder: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis', International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, vol. 61, no. 4, e70271, pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.70271
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/1460-6984.70271
dc.identifier.endpage25
dc.identifier.issn1368-2822
dc.identifier.issued4
dc.identifier.journaltitleInternational Journal of Language and Communication Disorders
dc.identifier.othercrossref: 10.1111/1460-6984.70271
dc.identifier.otherORCID: /0000-0002-9715-3788/work/218268233
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/18964
dc.identifier.volume61
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWiley-Blackwell
dc.relation.urihttps://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105042155790
dc.relation.urihttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1460-6984.70271
dc.rights© 2026, the Author(s). International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
dc.rights.accessrightsopen access
dc.rights.licensenameAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.statusPeer reviewed
dc.subjectActive ingredients
dc.subjectChild language
dc.subjectIntervention
dc.subjectReporting guidelines
dc.subjectTaxonomy
dc.subject[ClinicalTherapies]
dc.titleLabelling, defining and classifying the active ingredients in oral language interventions for children with or at risk of developmental language disorder: a systematic review and qualitative synthesisen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)
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