A classification system for defining and estimating dietary intake of live microbes in us adults and children

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dc.contributor.authorMarco, Maria L.en
dc.contributor.authorHutkins, Roberten
dc.contributor.authorHill, Colinen
dc.contributor.authorFulgoni, Victor L.en
dc.contributor.authorCifelli, Christopher J.en
dc.contributor.authorGahche, Jaimeen
dc.contributor.authorSlavin, Joanneen
dc.contributor.authorMerenstein, Danielen
dc.contributor.authorTancredi, Daniel J.en
dc.contributor.authorSanders, Mary Ellenen
dc.date.accessioned2024-04-04T14:43:22Z
dc.date.available2024-04-04T14:43:22Z
dc.date.issued2022en
dc.description.abstractBackground Consuming live microbes in foods may benefit human health. Live microbe estimates have not previously been associated with individual foods in dietary databases. Objectives We aimed to estimate intake of live microbes in US children (aged 2–18 y) and adults (≥19 y) (n = 74,466; 51.2% female). Methods Using cross-sectional data from the NHANES (2001–2018), experts assigned foods an estimated level of live microbes per gram [low (Lo), <104 CFU/g; medium (Med), 104–107 CFU/g; or high (Hi), >107 CFU/g]. Probiotic dietary supplements were also assessed. The mean intake of each live microbe category and the percentages of subjects who ate from each live microbe category were determined. Nutrients from foods with live microbes were also determined using the population ratio method. Because the Hi category comprised primarily fermented dairy foods, we also looked at aggregated data for Med or Hi (MedHi), which included an expanded range of live microbe–containing foods, including fruits and vegetables. Results Our analysis showed that 52%, 20%, and 59% of children/adolescents, and 61%, 26%, and 67% of adults, consumed Med, Hi, or MedHi foods, respectively. Per capita intake of Med, Hi, and MedHi foods was 69, 16, and 85 g/d for children/adolescents, and 106, 21, and 127 g/d for adults, respectively. The proportion of subjects who consumed live microbes and overall per capita intake increased significantly over the 9 cycles/18-y study period (0.9–3.1 g/d per cycle in children across categories and 1.4 g/d per cycle in adults for the Med category). Conclusions This study indicated that children, adolescents, and adults in the United States steadily increased their consumption of foods with live microbes between the earliest (2001–2002) and latest (2017–2018) survey cycles. Additional research is needed to determine the relations between exposure to live microbes in foods and specific health outcomes or biomarkers.en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationMarco, M.L., Hutkins, R., Hill, C., Fulgoni, V.L., Cifelli, C.J., Gahche, J., Slavin, J.L., Merenstein, D., Tancredi, D.J. and Sanders, M.E. (2022) ‘A classification system for defining and estimating dietary intake of live microbes in us adults and children’, The Journal of Nutrition, 152(7), pp. 1729–1736. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac074en
dc.identifier.doi10.1093/jn/nxac074en
dc.identifier.eissn1541-6100en
dc.identifier.endpage1736en
dc.identifier.issn0022-3166en
dc.identifier.issued7en
dc.identifier.journaltitleThe Journal of Nutritionen
dc.identifier.startpage1729en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/15768
dc.identifier.volume152en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherElsevieren
dc.rights© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Manuscript received December 27, 2021. Initial review completed March 1, 2022. Revision accepted March 16, 2022. 1729 First published online May 18, 2022; doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac074.en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/en
dc.subjectNHANESen
dc.subjectFermented fooden
dc.subjectProbioticsen
dc.subjectLive dietary microbesen
dc.subjectInternational Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebioticsen
dc.subjectISAPPen
dc.titleA classification system for defining and estimating dietary intake of live microbes in us adults and childrenen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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