Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: a review and guidance paper

dc.contributor.authorPilz, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorMaerz, Winfried
dc.contributor.authorCashman, Kevin D.
dc.contributor.authorKiely, Mairead E.
dc.contributor.authorWhiting, Susan J.
dc.contributor.authorHolick, Michael F.
dc.contributor.authorGrant, William B.
dc.contributor.authorPludowski, Pawel
dc.contributor.authorHiligsmann, Mickael
dc.contributor.authorTrummer, Christian
dc.contributor.authorSchwetz, Verena
dc.contributor.authorLerchbaum, Elisabeth
dc.contributor.authorPandis, Marlene
dc.contributor.authorTomaschitz, Andreas
dc.contributor.authorGruebler, Martin R.
dc.contributor.authorGaksch, Martin
dc.contributor.authorVerheyen, Nicolas
dc.contributor.authorHollis, Bruce W.
dc.contributor.authorRejnmark, Lars
dc.contributor.authorKarras, Spyridon N.
dc.contributor.authorHahn, Andreas
dc.contributor.authorBischoff-Ferrari, Heike A.
dc.contributor.authorReichrath, Joerg
dc.contributor.authorJorde, Rolf
dc.contributor.authorElmadfa, Ibrahim
dc.contributor.authorVieth, Reinhold
dc.contributor.authorScragg, Robert
dc.contributor.authorCalvo, Mona S.
dc.contributor.authorvan Schoor, Natasja M.
dc.contributor.authorBouillon, Roger
dc.contributor.authorLips, Paul
dc.contributor.authorItkonen, Suvi T.
dc.contributor.authorMartineau, Adrian R.
dc.contributor.authorLamberg-Allardt, Christel
dc.contributor.authorZittermann, Armin
dc.date.accessioned2018-08-29T15:47:22Z
dc.date.available2018-08-29T15:47:22Z
dc.date.issued2018
dc.description.abstractVitamin D deficiency can lead to musculoskeletal diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia, but vitamin D supplementation may also prevent extraskeletal diseases such as respiratory tract infections, asthma exacerbations, pregnancy complications and premature deaths. Vitamin D has a unique metabolism as it is mainly obtained through synthesis in the skin under the influence of sunlight (i.e., ultraviolet-B radiation) whereas intake by nutrition traditionally plays a relatively minor role. Dietary guidelines for vitamin D are based on a consensus that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations are used to assess vitamin D status, with the recommended target concentrations ranging from >= 25 to >= 50 nmol/L (>= 10->= 20 ng/mL), corresponding to a daily vitamin D intake of 10 to 20 mu g (400-800 international units). Most populations fail to meet these recommended dietary vitamin D requirements. In Europe, 25(OH)D concentrations < 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) and < 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) are present in 13.0 and 40.4% of the general population, respectively. This substantial gap between officially recommended dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the general population requires action from health authorities. Promotion of a healthier lifestyle with more outdoor activities and optimal nutrition are definitely warranted but will not erase vitamin D deficiency and must, in the case of sunlight exposure, be well balanced with regard to potential adverse effects such as skin cancer. Intake of vitamin D supplements is limited by relatively poor adherence (in particular in individuals with low-socioeconomic status) and potential for overdosing. Systematic vitamin D food fortification is, however, an effective approach to improve vitamin D status in the general population, and this has already been introduced by countries such as the US, Canada, India, and Finland. Recent advances in our knowledge on the safety of vitamin D treatment, the dose-response relationship of vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D levels, as well as data on the effectiveness of vitamin D fortification in countries such as Finland provide a solid basis to introduce and modify vitamin D food fortification in order to improve public health with this likewise cost-effective approach.en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.articleid373
dc.identifier.citationPilz, S., März, W., Cashman, K. D., Kiely, M. E., Whiting, S. J., Holick, M. F., Grant, W. B., Pludowski, P., Hiligsmann, M., Trummer, C., Schwetz, V., Lerchbaum, E., Pandis, M., Tomaschitz, A., Grübler, M. R., Gaksch, M., Verheyen, N., Hollis, B. W., Rejnmark, L., Karras, S. N., Hahn, A., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Reichrath, J., Jorde, R., Elmadfa, I., Vieth, R., Scragg, R., Calvo, M. S., van Schoor, N. M., Bouillon, R., Lips, P., Itkonen, S. T., Martineau, A. R., Lamberg-Allardt, C. and Zittermann, A. (2018) 'Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: a review and guidance paper', Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 373 (16pp). doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00373en
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fendo.2018.00373
dc.identifier.endpage16
dc.identifier.issn1664-2392
dc.identifier.journaltitleFrontiers in Endocrinologyen
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/6664
dc.identifier.volume9
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherFrontiers Media S.A.en
dc.relation.urihttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00373/full
dc.rights© 2018, the Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectVitamin Den
dc.subjectPublic healthen
dc.subjectFood fortificationen
dc.subjectGeneral populationen
dc.subjectGuidelinesen
dc.subjectEvidenceen
dc.subjectRecommendationsen
dc.subjectPolicyen
dc.titleRationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: a review and guidance paperen
dc.typeReviewen
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