Cross-cultural color-odor associations

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dc.contributor.authorLevitan, Carmel A.
dc.contributor.authorRen, Jiana
dc.contributor.authorWoods, Andy T.
dc.contributor.authorBoesveldt, Sanne
dc.contributor.authorChan, Jason S.
dc.contributor.authorMcKenzie, Kirsten J.
dc.contributor.authorDodson, Michael
dc.contributor.authorLevin, Jai
dc.contributor.authorLeong, Christine X. R.
dc.contributor.authorVan den Bosch, Jasper J. F.
dc.date.accessioned2019-02-14T11:22:53Z
dc.date.available2019-02-14T11:22:53Z
dc.date.issued2014-07-09
dc.date.updated2019-02-14T11:15:22Z
dc.description.abstractColors and odors are associated; for instance, people typically match the smell of strawberries to the color pink or red. These associations are forms of crossmodal correspondences. Recently, there has been discussion about the extent to which these correspondences arise for structural reasons (i.e., an inherent mapping between color and odor), statistical reasons (i.e., covariance in experience), and/or semantically-mediated reasons (i.e., stemming from language). The present study probed this question by testing color-odor correspondences in 6 different cultural groups (Dutch, Netherlands-residing-Chinese, German, Malay, Malaysian-Chinese, and US residents), using the same set of 14 odors and asking participants to make congruent and incongruent color choices for each odor. We found consistent patterns in color choices for each odor within each culture, showing that participants were making non-random color-odor matches. We used representational dissimilarity analysis to probe for variations in the patterns of color-odor associations across cultures; we found that US and German participants had the most similar patterns of associations, followed by German and Malay participants. The largest group differences were between Malay and Netherlands-resident Chinese participants and between Dutch and Malaysian-Chinese participants. We conclude that culture plays a role in color-odor crossmodal associations, which likely arise, at least in part, through experience.en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationLevitan, C. A., Ren, J., Woods, A. T., Boesveldt, S., Chan, J. S., McKenzie, K. J., Dodson, M., Levin, J. A., Leong, C. X. R. and van den Bosch, J. J. F. (2014) 'Cross-Cultural Color-Odor Associations', PLOS ONE, 9 (7), e101651 (8pp). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101651en
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0101651
dc.identifier.endpagee101651- 8en
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.journaltitlePlos Oneen
dc.identifier.startpagee101651- 1en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/7495
dc.identifier.volume9en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherPublic Library of Science, PLoSen
dc.relation.urihttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101651
dc.rights© 2014 Levitan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectMalay peopleen
dc.subjectCross-cultural studiesen
dc.subjectCultureen
dc.subjectLanguageen
dc.subjectOdorantsen
dc.subjectColor visionen
dc.subjectSmellen
dc.subjectSensory perceptionen
dc.titleCross-cultural color-odor associationsen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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