Virtual Reality–enhanced training for trauma-informed care among residential and child mental health professionals: Pre-post evaluation study
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Date
2026-04-17
Authors
Kostadinov, Kostadin
Goodwin, John
Groen, Gunter
Jörns‑Presentati, Astrid
Heffernan, Sinéad
O’Donovan, Áine
O’Malley, Maria
Goulding, Ryan Biskupovic
O’Mahony, James
Allen, Stephanie
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
JMIR Publications Inc.
Published Version
Abstract
Background: Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a framework that embeds safety, trust, choice, collaboration, and empowerment into practice. Although training improves TIC attitudes, implementation in European residential child and adolescent settings remains inconsistent, and immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) are underevaluated for this purpose. Objective: This study aims to evaluate whether a VR-enhanced training program improves TIC attitudes among staff and trainees in residential child and adolescent care across European sites and to examine site-level heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a multisite pre-post evaluation within the European Union–co-funded Safe4Child project. Participants completed a standardized online TIC module followed by a mentor-facilitated VR simulation. Attitudes were measured using the ARTIC-10 (10-item version of the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care; 7-point) scale immediately before the online module and immediately after the VR simulation; the design, therefore, evaluates the combined program rather than VR in isolation. Analyses included Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, multivariable regression, and Bayesian models with skeptical priors. Results: Among 79 matched participants from Bulgaria, Finland, and Germany, mean (SD) ARTIC-10 scores increased from 5.33 (1.05) to 5.57 (1.20; P<.001; Cohen d=0.22). Effects varied by site. Germany showed significant improvement (Cohen d=0.56), whereas Bulgaria and Finland did not reach significance. Bayesian estimation yielded a mean change of 0.24 points (95% CI 0.11‐0.37) with P (Δ>0) ≈ 1.00. Prior trauma-related training showed a probable but uncertain additional benefit. Conclusions: The VR-enhanced TIC program produced a small overall improvement in attitudes, with a moderate effect in Germany, suggesting that immersive training can strengthen TIC learning when aligned with local contexts. The absence of a control group precludes attributing effects specifically to VR. Larger comparative trials are needed to determine whether VR confers advantages over conventional training approaches.
Description
Keywords
Child welfare , Professional education , Residential care , Trauma-informed care , Virtual reality , [NursingMidwifery]
Citation
Kostadinov, K, Goodwin, J, Groen, G, Jörns‑Presentati, A, Heffernan, S, O’Donovan, Á, O’Malley, M, Goulding, R B, O’Mahony, J, Allen, S, Curtin, M, Haapalainen, S, Aho, J, Petrova, G, Ivanova, S, Lalova, V & Korhonen, J 2026, 'Virtual Reality–enhanced training for trauma-informed care among residential and child mental health professionals: Pre-post evaluation study', JMIR Medical Education, vol. 12, e86543, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.2196/86543