dc.check.chapterOfThesis	7
dc.check.date	2022-06-04T10:44:05Z
dc.check.embargoformat	Apply the embargo to both hard bound copy and e-thesis (If you have submitted an e-thesis and a hard bound thesis and want to embargo both)	en
dc.check.info	Restricted to everyone for three years	en
dc.check.opt-out	Not applicable	en
dc.check.reason	This thesis is due for publication or the author is actively seeking to publish this material	en
dc.contributor.advisor	Murray, Deirdre M.	en
dc.contributor.advisor	Leahy-Warren, Patricia	en
dc.contributor.author	Smith, Hazel Ann
dc.contributor.funder	National Children's Research Centre (NCRC)	en
dc.date.accessioned	2019-06-05T10:44:05Z
dc.date.issued	2018
dc.date.submitted	2018
dc.description.abstract	Background: Nutrition in the first few months of life has important effects on long-term growth. The aim of this PhD was to investigate the effect of an infant’s milk diet (both formula and breastmilk intake) in the first two months of life on body composition at two months of age, growth in the first two years of life and neurodevelopment at two years; and to examine whether breast- and formula-fed infants differ at birth, confounding the true effect of breastfeeding. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the feeding patterns, growth and development of children in the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study. Descriptive and multivariate (multi-linear and logistic regression) analysis was employed. Results: Admission to the neonatal intensive care unit had the greatest negative impact on exclusively breastfeeding at two months (adjusted odds ratio = 0.20 (95% CI 0.05, 0.83)). Nearly twice as many exclusively formula-fed infants experienced early rapid growth (ERG) at two months compared to exclusively breastfed infants, n=87 (30%) vs n=56 (16.9%), respectively. Infants that experienced ERG saw an increase in their weight-for-height (wfh) z-score at 24 months compared to infants that did not experience ERG, β=0.39 (95% CI 0.19, 0.54). Breastfed infants had a higher mean(SD) birthweight to formula-fed infants, 3.56(0.42)kg versus 3.46(0.44)kg, respectively. However, breastfed infants had a lower mean(SD) percentage fat mass at birth compared to formula-fed infants, 10.01(3.71)% versus 12.05(4.06)%. Conclusion statement: By two months of age few Irish infants are exclusively breastfed. Formula supplementation and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit in the maternity hospital shortened breastfeeding duration. Formula feeding increased the odds of ERG and experiencing ERG at two months increased a child’s wfh z-score at 24 months. Breastfed infants were different in growth and body composition at birth in our cohort.	en
dc.description.status	Not peer reviewed	en
dc.description.version	Accepted Version
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	en
dc.identifier.citation	Smith, H. A. 2018. Early milk diet of infants and the effect on their body composition and growth and development in the first two years of life. PhD Thesis, University College Cork.	en
dc.identifier.endpage	216	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://hdl.handle.net/10468/8016
dc.language.iso	en	en
dc.publisher	University College Cork	en
dc.rights	© 2018, Hazel A. Smith.	en
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/	en
dc.subject	Breastfeeding	en
dc.subject	Growth	en
dc.subject	Obesity	en
dc.subject	Infant formula	en
dc.subject	Body composition	en
dc.thesis.opt-out	false
dc.title	Early milk diet of infants and the effect on their body composition and growth and development in the first two years of life	en
dc.type	Doctoral thesis	en
dc.type.qualificationlevel	Doctoral	en
dc.type.qualificationname	PhD	en
ucc.workflow.supervisor	d.murray@ucc.ie

Early milk diet of infants and the effect on their body composition and growth and development in the first two years of life

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