The efficacy of thuricin CD, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired combinations against Clostridium difficile biofilms and planktonic cells

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dc.contributor.authorMathur, Harsh
dc.contributor.authorRea, Mary C.
dc.contributor.authorCotter, Paul D.
dc.contributor.authorHill, Colin
dc.contributor.authorRoss, R. Paul
dc.contributor.funderScience Foundation Ireland
dc.date.accessioned2017-06-22T13:55:54Z
dc.date.available2017-06-22T13:55:54Z
dc.date.issued2016-06-02
dc.description.abstractBackground: Thuricin CD is a two-component antimicrobial, belonging to the recently designated sactibiotic subclass of bacteriocins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thuricin CD, as well as the antibiotics, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide when used independently and when combined at low concentrations on the viability of Clostridium difficile 20291 R027, TL178 R002, Liv022 R106, DPC6350 and VPI10463 biofilms and planktonic cells. Results: On the basis of XTT (2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide)-menadione biofilm viability assays, we found that thuricin CD was effective against biofilms of R027, Liv022 R106 and DPC6350 when used independently while nitazoxanide and rifampicin were also potent against biofilms of R027 and DPC6350, when applied on their own. Tigecycline was found to be effective against R027 and DPC6350 biofilms, whereas teicoplanin and vancomycin when used independently were only effective against DPC6350 biofilms. The efficacies of the antibiotics rifampicin, tigecycline, vancomycin and teicoplanin against C. difficile 20291 R027 biofilms were significantly potentiated when combined with thuricin CD, indicating effective antimicrobial combinations with this sactibiotic against R027 biofilms. However, the potency of nitazoxanide against R027 biofilms was significantly diminished when combined with thuricin CD, indicating an ineffective combination with this sactibiotic against R027 biofilms. Paired combinations of thuricin CD along with these five antibiotics were effective at diminishing the viability of DPC6350 biofilms. However, such combinations were largely ineffective against biofilms of TL178 R002, Liv022 R106 and VPI10463. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight the activity of a sactibiotic bacteriocin against biofilms and the first to reveal the potency of the antibiotics tigecycline, teicoplanin and nitazoxanide against C. difficile biofilms. On the basis of this study, it is apparent that different strains of C. difficile possess varying abilities to form biofilms and that the sensitivities of these biofilms to different antimicrobials and antimicrobial combinations are strain-dependent. Since the formation of relatively strong biofilms by certain C. difficile strains may contribute to increased cases of antibiotic resistance and recurrence and relapse of C. difficile infection, the findings presented in this study could provide alternative strategies to target this pathogen.en
dc.description.sponsorshipScience Foundation Ireland (SFI/12/RC/2273)en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.articleid20
dc.identifier.citationMathur, H., Rea, M. C., Cotter, P. D., Hill, C. and Ross, R. P. (2016) 'The efficacy of thuricin CD, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired combinations against Clostridium difficile biofilms and planktonic cells', Gut Pathogens, 8, 20 (10pp). doi: 10.1186/s13099-016-0102-8en
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s13099-016-0102-8
dc.identifier.endpage10
dc.identifier.issn1757-4749
dc.identifier.journaltitleGut Pathogensen
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/4174
dc.identifier.volume8
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherBioMed Centralen
dc.relation.urihttps://gutpathogens.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13099-016-0102-8
dc.rights© 2016, the Author(s). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.en
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectBiofilmsen
dc.subjectClostridium difficileen
dc.subjectAntimicrobial combinationsen
dc.subjectTigecyclineen
dc.subjectNitazoxanideen
dc.subjectRifampicinen
dc.titleThe efficacy of thuricin CD, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired combinations against Clostridium difficile biofilms and planktonic cellsen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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