Association between preeclampsia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a population-based and sibling-matched cohort study

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Date
2020-02-13
Authors
Maher, Gillian M.
Dalman, Christina
O'Keeffe, Gerard W.
Kearney, Patricia M.
McCarthy, Fergus P.
Kenny, Louise C.
Khashan, Ali S.
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Wiley
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Abstract
Objective: Examine the association between preeclampsia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using a large Swedish‐based registry cohort. Methods: This study comprised 2,047,619 children, with 114,934 (5.6%) cases of ADHD. Preeclampsia was based on two alternate definitions: 1. Preeclampsia (using ICD‐9/ICD‐10) 2.Preeclampsia and small for gestational age (SGA) combined. ADHD was determined in one of two ways: 1. If a diagnosis of ADHD was present in the National Patient Register or 2.If an individual was in receipt of ADHD medication in the Prescribed Drug Register. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis allowed adjustment for several perinatal/sociodemographic factors. Sibling‐matched analysis further controlled for shared genetic and familial confounding. Results: In the adjusted Cox model, preeclampsia was associated with an increase in likelihood of ADHD (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.19). The HR for preeclampsia and those born SGA was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.31, 1.55) in the adjusted model, compared to those unexposed to preeclampsia/SGA. The sibling‐matched analysis did not materially change these associations (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.22) and 1.55 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.88). Conclusions: Exposure to preeclampsia or preeclampsia/SGA was associated with ADHD, independent of genetic/familial factors shared by siblings. However, it is important to note that sibling‐matched analysis can only adjust for factors that are constant between pregnancies, therefore residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Further research is needed to explore modifiable risk factors and identify those most‐at‐risk babies following delivery.
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Preeclampsia , Obstetric complications , Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , Epidemiology , ADHD
Citation
Maher, G. M., Dalman, C., O'Keeffe, G. W., Kearney, P. M., McCarthy, F. P., Kenny, L. C. and Khashan, A. S. 'Association between Preeclampsia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based and Sibling-Matched Cohort Study', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, doi: 10.1111/acps.13162
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© 2019 John Wiley & Sons. This is the peer reviewed Accepted Author Manuscript version of the article to be published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13162. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.