The gut microbiome in anxiety disorders
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Published Version
Date
2025
Authors
Butler, Mary I.
Kittel-Schneider, Sarah
Wagner-Skacel, Jolana
Mörkl, Sabrina
Clarke, Gerard
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Springer
Published Version
Abstract
Purpose of review: We aim to update readers on the latest evidence regarding the role of the gut microbiome in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), agoraphobia, and social anxiety disorder (SAD). This review summarises the literature on microbiome composition and function in these conditions, provides insights about causality and mechanisms and evaluates current evidence for microbiome-based interventions in anxiety disorders. Recent findings: Most studies exploring the microbiome in anxiety disorders are small, cross-sectional studies. Nevertheless, some consistent findings emerge. Bacterial taxa such as Eubacterium, Coprococcus and Faecalibacterium may be depleted in GAD. Studies in PD and SAD are scarce and, to our knowledge, there have been no studies conducted in agoraphobia. Probiotics may help reduce anxiety symptoms, although the majority of studies have been in non-clinical cohorts. Summary: Large, prospective studies are required to further elucidate the role of the microbiome-gut-brain axis in anxiety disorders. Microbiome-based interventions hold promise, but randomised controlled trials in clinical populations with relevant diagnoses are now warranted and urgently required.
Description
Keywords
Agoraphobia , Generalised anxiety disorder , Gut microbiome , Gut microbiota , Gut-brain axis , Panic disorder , Social anxiety disorder
Citation
Butler, M.I., Kittel-Schneider, S., Wagner-Skacel, J. et al. (2025) 'The Gut Microbiome in Anxiety Disorders', Current Psychiatry Reports, 27(5), pp. 347–361 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-025-01604-w