The association between threatened miscarriage in early pregnancy and depression or anxiety in offspring in late adolescence

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dc.contributor.authorKidd, Ciaraen
dc.contributor.authorO'Driscoll, Daviden
dc.contributor.authorO'Byrne, Laura J.en
dc.contributor.authorO'Keeffe, Gerard W.en
dc.contributor.authorKhashan, Ali S.en
dc.contributor.authorMaher, Gillian M.en
dc.contributor.funderINFANT Research Centre, University College Corken
dc.date.accessioned2025-04-24T15:49:59Z
dc.date.available2025-04-24T15:49:59Z
dc.date.issued2025en
dc.description.abstractBackground: Adolescent mental health is a known determinant of health across the lifespan underscoring the importance of identifying determining factors. Threatened miscarriage is a common pregnancy complication, yet its influence on child mental health outcomes is unclear. Here we examined the association between pregnancies complicated by threatened miscarriage and the risk of offspring depression or anxiety in late adolescence using the representative longitudinal UK Millennium Cohort Study. Methods: Maternal reported data on threatened miscarriage and potential confounders were collected at 9-months postpartum. Data on depression and anxiety were collected as one variable when children were aged 17 years using self-reported doctor diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for several maternal and sociodemographic factors. We examined separate interaction effects for threatened miscarriage and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, small for gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth. Results: N = 9521 mother-child dyads were included in the analyses, with n = 574 (6 %) women experiencing a threatened miscarriage, and 978 (10.3 %) children reported depression or anxiety diagnosis. Adjusted results suggested that threatened miscarriage was associated with a 34 % increase in the odds of depression or anxiety (OR: 1.34, 95 % CI 1.03, 1.73). An interaction effect was observed for threatened miscarriage and SGA (OR: 2.09, 95 % CI: 1.01, 4.36) and threatened miscarriage and preterm birth (OR:2.23, 95 % CI: 1.26, 3.95). Conclusion: Threatened miscarriage was associated with an increased odds of depression or anxiety in offspring by age 17 years, albeit residual and unmeasured confounding cannot be ruled out. Future research should examine the potential biological mechanisms mediating this association. © 2025 The Authorsen
dc.description.sponsorshipINFANT Research Centre, University College Cork (Summer Studentship)en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationKidd, C., O'Driscoll, D., O'Byrne, L. J., O'Keeffe, G. W., Khashan, A. S. and Maher, G. M. (2025) 'The association between threatened miscarriage in early pregnancy and depression or anxiety in offspring in late adolescence', Journal of Affective Disorders, 382, pp. 48-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.060en
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.060en
dc.identifier.endpage54en
dc.identifier.issn1650327en
dc.identifier.journaltitleJournal of Affective Disordersen
dc.identifier.startpage48en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/17340
dc.identifier.volume382
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherElsevier B.V.en
dc.rights© 2025, the Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectAnxietyen
dc.subjectDepressionen
dc.subjectMillennium cohort studyen
dc.subjectThreatened miscarriageen
dc.titleThe association between threatened miscarriage in early pregnancy and depression or anxiety in offspring in late adolescenceen
dc.typeArticle (peer reviewed)en
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