The ecological causes and consequences of hard and soft selection

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dc.contributor.authorBell, Donovan A.
dc.contributor.authorKovach, Ryan P.
dc.contributor.authorRobinson, Zachary L.
dc.contributor.authorWhiteley, Andrew R.
dc.contributor.authorReed, Thomas E.
dc.contributor.funderEuropean Research Councilen
dc.contributor.funderHorizon 2020en
dc.contributor.funderNational Science Foundationen
dc.contributor.funderScience Foundation Irelanden
dc.contributor.funderW.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, United Statesen
dc.contributor.funderU.S. Department of Agricultureen
dc.contributor.funderNorthwest Climate Adaptation Science Center, United Statesen
dc.date.accessioned2021-07-02T11:43:27Z
dc.date.available2021-07-02T11:43:27Z
dc.date.issued2021-04-30
dc.date.updated2021-07-02T11:26:39Z
dc.description.abstractInteractions between natural selection and population dynamics are central to both evolutionary-ecology and biological responses to anthropogenic change. Natural selection is often thought to incur a demographic cost that, at least temporarily, reduces population growth. However, hard and soft selection clarify that the influence of natural selection on population dynamics depends on ecological context. Under hard selection, an individual's fitness is independent of the population's phenotypic composition, and substantial population declines can occur when phenotypes are mismatched with the environment. In contrast, under soft selection, an individual's fitness is influenced by its phenotype relative to other interacting conspecifics. Soft selection generally influences which, but not how many, individuals survive and reproduce, resulting in little effect on population growth. Despite these important differences, the distinction between hard and soft selection is rarely considered in ecology. Here, we review and synthesize literature on hard and soft selection, explore their ecological causes and implications and highlight their conservation relevance to climate change, inbreeding depression, outbreeding depression and harvest. Overall, these concepts emphasise that natural selection and evolution may often have negligible or counterintuitive effects on population growth—underappreciated outcomes that have major implications in a rapidly changing world.en
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Foundation (NSF CAREER grant (DEB-1652278)); W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, U.S. (W. A. Franke Fellowship); USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, (McIntire Stennis (1021598)); Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Centeren
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionAccepted Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationBell, D. A., Kovach, R. P., Robinson, Z. L., Whiteley, A. R. and Reed, T. E. (2021) 'The ecological causes and consequences of hard and soft selection', Ecology Letters, 24(7), pp. 1505-1521. doi: 10.1111/ele.13754en
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/ele.13754en
dc.identifier.eissn1461-0248
dc.identifier.endpage17en
dc.identifier.issn1461-023X
dc.identifier.journaltitleEcology Lettersen
dc.identifier.startpage1en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/11532
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherWileyen
dc.relation.projectinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020::ERC::ERC-STG/639192/EU/Alternative life histories: linking genes to phenotypes to demography/ALHen
dc.relation.urihttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.13754
dc.rights© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Bell, D.A., Kovach, R.P., Robinson, Z.L., Whiteley, A.R. and Reed, T.E. (2021), The ecological causes and consequences of hard and soft selection. Ecol Lett, 24: 1505-1521, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13754. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.en
dc.subjectHard selectionen
dc.subjectSoft selectionen
dc.subjectEco-evolutionary dynamicsen
dc.subjectInbreedingen
dc.subjectDepressionen
dc.subjectPopulation dynamicsen
dc.subjectEvolutionary rescueen
dc.subjectGlobal changeen
dc.subjectSexual selectionen
dc.subjectNatural selectionen
dc.subjectOutbreeding depressionen
dc.titleThe ecological causes and consequences of hard and soft selectionen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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