Tryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for health

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dc.contributor.authorO'Rourke, Louise
dc.contributor.authorClarke, Gerard
dc.contributor.authorNolan, Aoife
dc.contributor.authorWatkins, Claire
dc.contributor.authorDinan, Timothy G.
dc.contributor.authorStanton, Catherine
dc.contributor.authorRoss, R. Paul
dc.contributor.authorRyan, Cornelius Anthony
dc.contributor.funderHealth Research Board
dc.contributor.funderScience Foundation Ireland
dc.contributor.funderDepartment of Agriculture, Food and the Marine
dc.date.accessioned2018-05-02T10:16:32Z
dc.date.available2018-05-02T10:16:32Z
dc.date.issued2018
dc.description.abstractBreast milk is the only source of the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP) in breast-fed infants. Low levels of TRP could have implications for infant neurodevelopment. The objectives of the present study were to compare the relationship of TRP and its neuroactive pathway metabolites kynurenine (Kyn) and kynurenic acid (KynA) in preterm and term expressed breast milk (EBM) in the first 14 d following birth, and the relationship of TRP metabolism to maternal stress and immune status. A total of twenty-four mothers were recruited from Cork University Maternity Hospital: twelve term (>38 weeks) and twelve preterm (<35 weeks). EBM samples were collected on days 7 and 14. Free TRP, Kyn and KynA were measured using HPLC, total TRP using MS, cytokines using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay system, and cortisol using a cortisol ELISA kit. Although total TRP was higher in preterm EBM in comparison with term EBM (P < 0·05), free TRP levels were lower (P < 0·05). Kyn, KynA and the Kyn:TRP ratio increased significantly in term EBM from day 7 to day 14 (P < 0·05), but not in preterm EBM. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in day 7 preterm and term EBM in comparison with day 14. There were no significant differences between term and preterm EBM cortisol levels. Increased availability of total TRP, lower levels of free TRP and alterations in the temporal dynamics of TRP metabolism in preterm compared with term EBM, coupled with higher EBM inflammatory markers on day 7, may have implications for the neurological development of exclusively breast-fed preterm infants.en
dc.description.sponsorshipHealth Research Board (Summer Scholarship Programme, 2013)en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.articleide13
dc.identifier.citationO'Rourke, L., Clarke, G., Nolan, A., Watkins, C., Dinan, T. G., Stanton, C., Ross, R. P. and Ryan, C. A. (2018) 'Tryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for health', Journal of Nutritional Science, 7, e13 (9pp). doi: 10.1017/jns.2017.69en
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/jns.2017.69
dc.identifier.endpage9
dc.identifier.issn2048-6790
dc.identifier.journaltitleJournal of Nutritional Scienceen
dc.identifier.startpage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/5973
dc.identifier.volume7
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherCambridge University Press on behalf of the Nutrition Societyen
dc.relation.projectinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/SFI/SFI Research Centres/12/RC/2273/IE/Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) - Interfacing Food & Medicine/
dc.relation.urihttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-nutritional-science/article/tryptophan-metabolic-profile-in-term-and-preterm-breast-milk-implications-for-health/143F1C0A2D2C83C91CA8AA4C9B250304
dc.rights© 2018, the Authors. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.en
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectHuman milken
dc.subjectTryptophanen
dc.subjectKynurenineen
dc.subjectKynurenic aciden
dc.subjectCytokinesen
dc.subjectCortisolen
dc.titleTryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for healthen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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