Sarcopenia and cachexia in the era of obesity: Clinical and nutritional impact
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Date
2016-01-08
Authors
Prado, C. M.
Cushen, Samantha J.
Orsso C.
Ryan, Aoife M.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society
Published Version
Abstract
Our understanding of body composition (BC) variability in contemporary populations has significantly increased with the use of imaging techniques. Abnormal BC such as sarcopenia (low muscle mass) and obesity (excess adipose tissue) are predictors of poorer prognosis in a variety of conditions or clinical situations. As a catabolic illness, a defining feature of cancer is muscle loss. Although the conceptual model of wasting in cancer is typically conceived as involuntary weight loss leading to low body weight, recent studies have shown that both sarcopenia and cachexia can be present with obesity. The combination of low muscle and high adipose tissue (sarcopenic obesity) is an emerging abnormal BC phenotype prevalent across the body weight, and hence BMI spectra. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in cancer are in most instances occult conditions, which have been independently associated with higher incidence of chemotherapy toxicity, shorter time to tumour progression, poorer outcomes of surgery, physical impairment and shorter survival. Although the mechanisms are yet to be fully understood, the associations with poorer clinical outcomes emphasise the value of nutritional assessment as well as the need to develop appropriate interventions to countermeasure abnormal BC. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity create diverse nutritional requirements, highlighting the compelling need for a more comprehensive and differentiated understanding of energy and protein requirements in this heterogeneous population.
Description
Keywords
Sarcopenia , Obesity , Sarcopenic obesity , Body composition , Nutritional assessment , Cancer , Nutritional status , Muscle , Lean body mass , Lean soft tissue
Citation
Prado, C. M., Cushen, S., Orsso C. and Ryan, A. M. (2016) 'Sarcopenia and cachexia in the era of obesity: Clinical and nutritional impact', Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(2), pp. 188-198. doi: 10.1017/S0029665115004279
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Copyright
© 2016, the Authors. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. This material is free to view and download for personal use only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works.