Adequacy of vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers from the base diet, fortified foods and supplements

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dc.contributor.authorBlack, Lucinda J.
dc.contributor.authorWalton, Janette
dc.contributor.authorFlynn, Albert
dc.contributor.authorKiely, Mairead E.
dc.contributor.funderDepartment of Agriculture, Food and the Marineen
dc.contributor.funderSixth Framework Programmeen
dc.contributor.funderEuropean Commissionen
dc.date.accessioned2017-03-02T15:55:40Z
dc.date.available2017-03-02T15:55:40Z
dc.date.issued2013-02-27
dc.date.updated2017-03-02T15:01:36Z
dc.description.abstractObjective: To describe vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers and the contribution from supplements and fortified foods in addition to the base diet. Design: Analysis of 7 d weighed food records collected during the Children's and Teens’ National Nutrition Surveys in Ireland. Food composition data for vitamin D were updated from international analytical sources. Setting: Nationally representative cross-sectional dietary surveys. Subjects: Children (n 594; 5–12 years) and teenagers (n 441; 13–17 years). Results: Median vitamin D intakes were 1·9, 2·1 and 2·4 μg/d in 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin D-containing supplement use was 21, 16 and 15 % in 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds and median intakes in users ranged from 6·0 to 6·7 μg/d. The prevalence of inadequate intakes, defined as the percentage with mean daily intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement of 10 μg/d, ranged from 88 to 96 % in supplement users. Foods fortified with vitamin D, mainly breakfast cereals, fat spreads and milk, were consumed by 71, 70 and 63 % of 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds. Non-supplement users who consumed vitamin D-fortified foods had median intakes of 1·9–2·5 μg/d, compared with 1·2–1·4 μg/d in those who did not consume fortified foods. Conclusions: It is currently not possible for children consuming the habitual diet to meet the US Institute of Medicine dietary reference intake for vitamin D. In the absence of nationally representative 25-hydroxyvitamin D data in children, the implications of this observation for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and health consequences are speculative.en
dc.description.sponsorshipEuropean Commission (RTD Programme ‘Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources’, within the 6th Framework Programme (contract no. FP6-036196-2 EURRECA: EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned))en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationBlack, L. J., Walton, J., Flynn, A. and Kiely, M. (2014) 'Adequacy of vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers from the base diet, fortified foods and supplements', Public Health Nutrition, 17(4), pp. 721-731. doi:10.1017/S1368980013000359en
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/S1368980013000359
dc.identifier.endpage731en
dc.identifier.issn1368-9800
dc.identifier.issued4en
dc.identifier.journaltitlePublic Health Nutritionen
dc.identifier.startpage721en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/3732
dc.identifier.volume17en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherCambridge University Pressen
dc.rights© The Authors 2013. Published by Cambridge University Press (CUP) on behalf of The Nutrition Societyen
dc.subjectVitamin Den
dc.subjectIntakesen
dc.subjectChildrenen
dc.titleAdequacy of vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers from the base diet, fortified foods and supplementsen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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