Protein quality and the protein to carbohydrate ratio within a high fat diet influences energy balance and the gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice

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dc.contributor.authorMcAllan, Liam
dc.contributor.authorSkuse, Peter
dc.contributor.authorCotter, Paul D.
dc.contributor.authorO'Connor, Paula M.
dc.contributor.authorCryan, John F.
dc.contributor.authorRoss, R. Paul
dc.contributor.authorFitzgerald, Gerald F.
dc.contributor.authorRoche, Helen M.
dc.contributor.authorNilaweera, Kanishka N.
dc.contributor.funderTeagasc
dc.contributor.funderScience Foundation Ireland
dc.date.accessioned2016-02-17T11:44:41Z
dc.date.available2016-02-17T11:44:41Z
dc.date.issued2014
dc.description.abstractMacronutrient quality and composition are important determinants of energy balance and the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated how changes to protein quality (casein versus whey protein isolate; WPI) and the protein to carbohydrate (P/C) ratio within a high fat diet (HFD) impacts on these parameters. Mice were fed a low fat diet (10% kJ) or a high fat diet (HFD; 45% kJ) for 21 weeks with either casein (20% kJ, HFD) or WPI at 20%, 30% or 40% kJ. In comparison to casein, WPI at a similar energy content normalised energy intake, increased lean mass and caused a trend towards a reduction in fat mass (P = 0.08), but the protein challenge did not alter oxygen consumption or locomotor activity. WPI reduced HFD-induced plasma leptin and liver triacylglycerol, and partially attenuated the reduction in adipose FASN mRNA in HFD-fed mice. High throughput sequence-based analysis of faecal microbial populations revealed microbiota in the HFD-20% WPI group clustering closely with HFD controls, although WPI specifically increased Lactobacillaceae/Lactobacillus and decreased Clostridiaceae/Clostridium in HFD-fed mice. There was no effect of increasing the P/C ratio on energy intake, but the highest ratio reduced HFD-induced weight gain, fat mass and plasma triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and leptin levels, while it increased lean mass and oxygen consumption. Similar effects were observed on adipose mRNA expression, where the highest ratio reduced HFD-associated expression of UCP-2, TNFα and CD68 and increased the diet-associated expression of β3-AR, LPL, IR, IRS-1 and GLUT4. The P/C ratio also impacted on gut microbiota, with populations in the 30/ 40% WPI groups clustering together and away from the 20% WPI group. Taken together, our data show that increasing the P/C ratio has a dramatic effect on energy balance and the composition of gut microbiota, which is distinct from that caused by changes to protein quality.en
dc.description.sponsorshipTeagasc (Vision Programme on Obesity; PhD Walsh Fellowship); Science Foundation Ireland (SFI Grant No. 11/PI/1119)en
dc.description.statusPeer revieweden
dc.description.versionPublished Versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.articleide88904
dc.identifier.citationMcAllan L, Skuse P, Cotter PD, Connor PO, Cryan JF, Ross RP, et al. (2014) Protein Quality and the Protein to Carbohydrate Ratio within a High Fat Diet Influences Energy Balance and the Gut Microbiota In C57BL/6J Mice. PLoS ONE 9(2): e88904. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088904
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0088904
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.issued2en
dc.identifier.journaltitlePLOS ONEen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10468/2342
dc.identifier.volume9en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen
dc.rights© 2015 McAllan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are crediteden
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectAlpha-lactalbumin increasesen
dc.subjectMilk-derived lactoferrinen
dc.subjectNeutral amino acidsen
dc.subjectBody-weight gainen
dc.subjectWhey proteinen
dc.subjectInduced obesityen
dc.subjectAntibacterial activityen
dc.subjectVulnerable subjectsen
dc.subjectNext generationen
dc.subjectNervous systemen
dc.titleProtein quality and the protein to carbohydrate ratio within a high fat diet influences energy balance and the gut microbiota in C57BL/6J miceen
dc.typeArticle (peer-reviewed)en
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