Maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and depression or anxiety in adolescence: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study
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Supplementary data
Date
2023-11-18
Authors
Keenan, Martin
Khashan, Ali S.
O'Byrne, Laura J.
O'Keeffe, Gerard W.
Al Khalaf, Sukainah
Maher, Gillian M.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier
Published Version
Abstract
Background: The short-term effects of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) on the health of the fetus are well known; however, their impacts on the risk of mental health in the exposed offspring are not fully understood. Our aim was to examine the association between HDP and depression/anxiety at age 17 years.
Methods: We used data from The Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative longitudinal study of children born in the United Kingdom. Data on HDP and potential confounders were collected when children were 9-months. Data on depression and anxiety were collected as one variable when children were aged 17 years using self-reported doctor diagnosis, and reclassified as depression/anxiety (overall), depression/anxiety with treatment, and depression/anxiety without treatment. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models were performed to examine the association between HDP and depression/anxiety, adjusting for several maternal and socio-economic factors.
Results: There were 9517 singleton mother-child pairs included in the analyses. Adjusted logistic regression suggested an association between HDP and depression/anxiety (adjusted odds ratio, (aOR):1.30 [95 % CI, 1.02–1.66]) at age 17 years. A similar association was observed for HDP and depression/anxiety with treatment (aOR:1.33 [95 % CI, 1.01–1.73]) and HDP and depression/anxiety without treatment (aOR: 1.30 [95 % CI, 0.80–2.12]), although the latter did not reach statistical significance.
Limitations: Data on severity and classifications of HDP were not available.
Conclusion: Exposure to HDP may be associated with an increased likelihood of depression or anxiety at age 17 years. Future research should consider severity and different classifications of HDP.
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Keywords
Adolescence , Anxiety , Depression , Hypertension , Hypertension , Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy , Pregnancy
Citation
Keenan, M., Khashan, A.S., O’Byrne, L.J., O’Keeffe, G.W., Al Khalaf, S. and Maher, G.M. (2024) ‘Maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and depression or anxiety in adolescence: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 347, pp. 23–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.042